Agric And H/ECONS For JSS1 First Term – A-VIBE BLOG
SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
1 Meaning and Importance of Agriculture.
2 Importance of Agricultural contd.
3 Historical Development (Evolution) of Agriculture.
4 Areas/Branches of Agriculture I.
5 Areas/Branches of Agriculture II.
6 Forms of Agriculture I.
7 Forms of Agriculture II.
8 Crop Plant Forms.
9 Classification of Crops Based on Lifecycle.
10 Classification of Crops Based on Uses.
11 Revision.
12 Examination.
SCHEME OF WORK HOME ECONOMICS JSS1
SCHEME OF WORK
1. Introduction to Home Economics
2. Home Economics and National Development
3. The Human Body (The Hair)
4. The Human Body (The Eyes)
5. The Human Body (The Nose and Ear)
6. The Human Body (The Skin)
7. The Human Body (The Teeth)
8. The Human Body (The Hands and Feet))
9. Good Posture
10. Revision and Examination.
WEEK ONE: MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is defined in many ways. Any of the following definition is accepted when defining the term.
Agriculture is the deliberate effort made by man to till the soil, grow crops and rear animals for food and other purposes.
Agriculture can also be defined as the art or practice of growing crops and raising of animal for man’s use.
Agriculture can also be defined as the science, art and business of growing crops and rearing animal for man’s use.
The word agriculture is derived from Latin word “ager” and “cultura”. “Ager” means field/land and “cultura” means to cultivate or to till the soil and prepare it for the planting of crop.
Agriculture can be traced to the earliest human societies. They relied on hunting and the collection of fruits and roots for food and subsequently began planting near their dwellings (caves) which laid the foundation of crop production.The domestication of animals later followed and this was what laid foundation for the development of modern animal husbandry
The system of agriculture practiced by the early man is called hunting and gathering.
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
1. Provision of food. It is only through agriculture that man can get food. It provide food inform of maize, yam, milk, egg etc. for human consumption.
2. Provision of materials for clothing: Agriculture provides fibre and cotton for textile. It provides hides and shelter, clothing, shoes, belts, caps and bags.
3. Provision of materials for shelter: Agriculture provides material essential for building such as plants doors, windows, roofs, partitions, floor etc
WEEK ONE: INTRODUCTION TO HOME ECONOMICS
WEEK TWO: IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE (CONTD)
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE (CONTD)
1. Provision of employment: Agriculture and other agric based industries provide employment opportunities for a great number of the population.
2. Source of foreign exchange: Through the export of agric produce like cocoa, kola, groundnut coffee, cotton etc., the country can earn foreign exchange.
3. Generation of income: Agriculture generates income for farmers through sales of crops and products as well as animal and its products.
4. Development of town: Development occur where Commercial Agriculture is practiced as social/ basic amenities like electricity, good road and pipe – borne water will be provided
5. Provision of raw materials for industries: Agriculture supplies several industries with raw materials for their continuous existence e.g. beverage. Industries depending on cocoa, Textile industries, sugar industries, plywood and furniture industries, oil mill industries, Tobacco industries livestock food mill etc.
6. Provision of facilities for recreation and tourism: It leads to the establishment of game reserve. It provides horse for racing and Polo-game
7. Provision of market for industrial goods: Agriculture provides market for industrial products such as farm machinery, chemicals, fertilizers etc.
WEEK TWO: HOME ECONOMICS AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN HOME ECONOMICS
1.Dietetics: A dietitian works in hospitals, helping with diets for the treatment and prevention of diseases.
2.Nutritionist: A nutritionist can work in a health department, schools, hospitals and industries. They ensure nutritious and safe meals are available at all time.
3.Food Service personnel: People in this career can work as catering managers, supervisors, stewards etc. depending on their qualifications. They work in hotels, hospitals, schools, airlines etc.
4.Catering: A caterer cooks for people in boarding schools, hospitals, hotels, offices etc.
5.Hotel Manager: This involves running a hotel as business. It is also called institution management.
6.Teaching/ Lecturing: Teaches in various areas grades such as primary, secondary or tertiary institutions.
7.Researchers: Researchers work on food and nutrition problems; they discover new ways of planning and cooking foods.
8.Food Technology: A food technologist applies the principles of foods, science, and engineering in the development, production, processing, packaging and distribution of foods.
9.Designing: Persons in this career create new designs for garments (fashion)
Home Economics Career Requirements
Home Economics careers require education at different levels of education. Such as:
1.Senior Secondary Schools: Boys and girls can obtain credits or distinctions in any Home Economics Subjects like Food and nutrition, Clothing and textile, Home management, etc. at this level with this qualification, people can obtain entry-level jobs such as attendants, waiters or waitresses, sales person, etc. such entry-level requires on-the-job training.
2.College of Education: Studying in this college is usually three years duration. The Nigerian Certificate of Education (NCE) certificate is awarded at the end of the study. These colleges offer Home Economics.
3.Monotechnics and Polytechnics: They offer programs on the area of Home Economics such as food and nutrition, catering, etc. and award National Diploma (ND) after the completion of two years and later (HND) Higher National Diploma after two years additional programme.
4.Universities: They offer:
(i) 4 years Bachelor of Science (BS.c) or Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) in any area of Home Economics.
(ii) 1-2 years master’s degree and 3-4 years Doctorate degree (Ph.D) in any area of Home Economics.
IMPORTANCE OF HOME ECONOMICS TO THE INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND NATION
1.Home Economics teaches people how to live a good, healthy and happy life in the Family, community, nation and the world.
2.Home Economics prepares boys and girls for home making.
3.It teaches people how to care for themselves.
4.It teaches people how to care for their homes.
5.It teaches family members how to get along with one another in the family and society.
6.It teaches people how to spend their money wisely
7.It teaches people how to plan, cook, serve and eat good food.
8.It teaches people how to choose, make, wear and maintain their clothing.
9.It teaches the family, nation and individual how use what they have to get what they want.
10.It teaches the individuals to be self-reliant.
WEEK THREE: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES THROUGH THE AGES
The early man gathered wild fruits, nuts, roots and leaves for food as well as trapping fishes and wild animals. Caves, hollows and trees served as his shelter while his clothings were mainly leaves and skins. With time, he developed skills and instruments for his hunting expedition. He used pointed sticks, sharp bones or stones but later arrows, slings and guns were invented. The forest land where he collected food was enough for him to feed. There was no shortage of food, so he did not think of ways of producing food. However, as people increased, food gathering was no longer enough for them.
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA
The Agricultural methods of Egyptian farmers combined with the older traditional farming practices of West Africa have produced the basis of Nigerian Agriculture today.In the last 300 years, crops from other parts of the world have been brought to West Africa by traders. Bananas and plantains were originally from Asia while groundnuts and cocoa came from America.
WEEK THREE: MYSELF AS AN INDIVIDUAL
NATURAL HAIR
ARTIFICIAL HAIR
1. Dandruff: This appears as scales on the scalp.
WEEK FOUR: BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE II
BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE
This refers to the various field of study in agriculture. It goes beyond that to explain different areas in which a person interested in practicing agriculture might decide to specialize in. As we have learnt in the previous lessons that agriculture encompasses the production of food of all kinds be it plant produce or produce from animals this tells us that there are vast areas in which an agriculturist, farmer, researcher, trader or even student can dive into. The following are the some of the prominent branches in agriculture. Under each branch there could be a whole lot of sub branches.
1) SOIL SCIENCE
Soil science is the science which deals with the study of the soil, its formation, the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The soil is the home of the roots of plants. The roots spread in all directions and by holding on the soil, the plant is kept in position. Plants draw all their water and nourishment from the soil. The soil is therefore the source of food for plant, animal and man.
2) CROP SCIENCE
Crop science teaches the principle and practice of cultivating and managing crop plants grown for human and animal consumption or for industrial uses. Crops include maize, rice, yam, cowpea, tomato etc. When this study is widened to include other plants which are not eaten by human beings or animals, it is known as Plant Science. When crop science and soil science are combined to form one field of study, then we have Agronomy.
3) HORTICULTURE
This is the scientific, study or practice of growing fruits, vegetable, ornamental plants/flowers and plantation crops for profit or pleasure. Ornamental plants are used in beautifying places. E.g. Palm tree, Christmas tree, Allamanda, Rose flower.
4)AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
Agricultural Economics deals with the business aspects and development of agriculture. It is more concerned with the financial or economical aspect of Agriculture. It handles the marketing area of agricultural products.
5) AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Agricultural Engineering is concerned with the repairs and fabrication of different simple and heavy duty mechanical implement. Agricultural implement can be broadly classified into simple tools and heavy machines. The simple tools such as cutlass, hoe, spade e.t c. are used mainly by small scale/local farmers.
The heavy machines worked by mechanical power include ploughs, ridgers, cultivator, etc.
6)AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
This is the process or system which assists farmers through educational procedure in improving farm methods and techniques.Methods of disseminating new ideals and techniques to farmers include mass media, individual method and group method.
WEEK FOUR: THE HUMAN EYE
STRUCTURE & PARTS OF THE EYES
The eye is an organ that allows you to see. The cornea, iris, pupil, and lens focus light rays from an object onto the retina to form an image. The retina then sends this image on to the brain.
The eye is made up of different parts. Each part performs a special function. An understanding of the different parts of the eye will help you take good care of your eye.
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CARE OF THE EYES
1.Use good light when reading or doing any fine work such as sewing. Poor light strains the eyes.
2.Do not rub the eye when you have something in it.
3.Do not wash your eyes with disinfectant unless on doctor’s advice.
4.Do not borrow another person’s face towel for wiping your eyes.
5.Do not watch television in a completely dark room.
6.Do not sit too close to the television screen.
7.Eat food rich in vitamin A such as carrot, Green vegetables and red palm oil.
8.If you have to wear glasses, do so according to the opticians’ instruction and keep it clean always.
LACK OF PROPER CARE FOR THE EYES CAN LEAD TO
1.Straining on the eyes.
2.Eye Infection
3.Poor sight( long or short sightedness or blindness)
4.Need to wear glasses
5.In serious cases, major injury to the eyes could result in blindness
COMMON EYE DEFECTS
1.Long Sightedness (Hypermyopia): Results in an inability to see objects that are too near. But objects that are far can be seen.
2.Short Sightedness (Myopia): Results in inability to see objects that are far away. But objects that are near can be seen.
3.Night Blindness: Result in inability to see in the dark.
REMOVAL OF FOREIGN OBJECTS FROM THE EYES
Foreign objects such as flying insects, soap, dirt, etc. get into the eyes. Do not rub or scratch the eyes. Get a clean bowl of cold water and deep your eyes into the bowl and blink the eyes at intervals. If the object remains there, see the doctor.
WEEK FIVE: BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE II
7) ANIMAL SCIENCE
This is the science which deals with animal husbandry. It embraces the selection, breeding, feeding and management of livestock for profitable production of meat, eggs, wools, hide and skins and other products. When the field study is about wild animals, it is known as Wild Life Science.
8) FISHERY
This is the scientific study of rearing fish which can either be in artificial ponds, cages, and other enclosure to provide food, oil and other useful materials or even pleasure. When the field of study includes rearing of shrimp’s prawns, oysters, crabs, turtles, water plants and other water dwelling animals or plant, it is usually called Aquaculture. It also involves their preservation, cleaning and marketing. Fishes can be preserved by freezing, smoking, sun drying, salting and canning.
9) FORESTRY
Forestry is the branch of agriculture that is concerned with the forest and its resource, Resources of forest include timber, wild animals, minerals etc. Forestry practiced for the production of timber is called, silviculture Example of forest trees include iroko, obeche, opepe, mahogany, acacia etc.
10) APICULTURE (BEE KEEPING)
It is the care and management of honeybees to enable them produce plenty of honey and bees wax. The honey and bees wax produced are then collected for human use. A place where bees are reared is called a ‘bee yard or an apiary’. The rearer of bees is called apiarist.
11) HELICULTURE (SNAIL REARING)
Snail farming is the rearing of snails in cages or fenced areas. The fenced areas are called snail pens. The cages or pens contain soils that can hold water. Food foe snails are provided in the form of plants and decaying plant parts.
WEEK FIVE: THE NOSE AND EAR
STRUCTURE OF THE NOSE
NOSE
Your nose helps you breathe and smell. Air enters the nose through the nostrils and passes into a large space called the nasal cavity. Nerve cells in the olfactory bulb collect information about smells in the air and pass that information to the olfactory tract and onto the brain. Air then leaves the nose and travels through the mouth and throat into the lungs.
The nose is the organ of smell. The very top of the nose consists of bones. The rest is made of cartilage, small mucous membrane. The lining of the membrane contains small glands which produce watery secretion. This secretion keeps the lining moist. The nose is divided into two nostrils by a partition called SEPTUM. The nerves of smell which run from the nose to the brain are called the olfactory nerves. There are tiny hairs at the entrance of the nose. They act as filters for the air that goes to the lungs.
FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE
1.It is the sense organ of smell
2.It acts as a passage or channel through which the air we breathe passes in and out of the lungs.
3.The air entering the lungs is filtered and warmed by the tiny hairs at the entrance of the nostrils.
CARE OF THE NOSE
1.Avoid pushing objects into the nose.
2.Avoid picking or poking the nose with finger nail or any object.
3.Blow the nose gently and avoid the habit of sniffing.
4.Avoid plucking the hair in the nose.
5.When it is necessary, the nose should be cleaned with clean handkerchief or a clean piece of soft tissue paper.
6.See a doctor for the treatment of any nose infection.
RESULT OF LACK OF CARE OF THE NOSE
1.Nose bleeding.
2.Nasal infection
3.Breathing difficulties.
Removal of Foreign Objects from the Nose
1.When any foreign object such as a seed, insect, etc. enters one nostril, close the unaffected one with the finger and blow the affected one. If the object fails to come out see a doctor.
2.If both nostrils are blocked, breathe through the mouth and see a doctor immediately.
3.Do not attempt to remove any foreign object by poking at it with an instrument.
STRUCTURE AND PARTS OF THE EAR
THE EAR
The human ear is divided into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ea. The outer ear includes the visible part of the ear that is attached to the side of the head and the ear canal. The eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear, which is an air-filled cavity. Inside this cavity are tiny bones that vibrate when sound waves pass through them. These bones help send sound into the inner ear. The inner ear contains an organ that helps you keep your balance and another organ that passes sound waves to the brain.
The ear is the organ of hearing. The ear is a delicate part of the body. It is made up of different parts, the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The outer ear is like a funnel that picks vibrations. These are carried from the ear drum to the inner ear and are eventually interpreted by the brain as sounds. A short passage leads from the outer ear to middle ear. There are tiny hairs to the side of this entrance which trap dust, small objects or insects that might get into the ear.
FUNCTIONS OF THE EAR
1. The ear is a sense organ for hearing.
2. It helps us to maintain balance.
CARE OF THE EAR
1.The outer ears should be washed and carefully dried daily with a clean cloth or towel.
2.Do not interfere unnecessarily with the inner ear.
3.It is a bad habit to poke the ears with sharp objects which may damage the middle and inner ear.
4.Remove small excess of wax in the ear.
5.Don’t expose the ear to excessive sound.
6.Don’t allow your ear to be slapped by someone to avoid deafness.
7.See the doctor for any form of ear ache.
REMOVAL OF FOREIGN BODY IN THE EAR
If any object is accidentally pushed into the ears or insect gets into it, efforts should be made to expel the foreign body by putting a few drops of warm water or warm olive or groundnut oil into the ear. The object may come out but if this does not, see the doctor.
RESULT OF LACK OF CARE OF THE EAR
1.The ear is very close to the brain. If the ear is infected and it is not cared for, the infection may spread to the brain and cause serious damage.
2.Permanent deafness may occur, if the ear drum is affected.
WEEK SIX AND SEVEN: FORMS OF AGRICULTURE I
FORMS OF AGRICULTURE
This refers to the scale, type or level in which agriculture can be practiced. They are:
1.Subsistence agriculture
2.Commercial agriculture
Whichever scale of agriculture is been practiced, it usually is a crop farm, an animal or livestock farm or a mixture of both.
Crop farming involves the growing, caring and harvesting of crops such as maize, cassava, yams and beans e.t.c. for human and industrial uses while Livestock Farming is the rearing of animals examples are pig, sheep, goat, cow, chicken, rabbit etc. either or both of these farming can be done using the following systems
1.Shifting Cultivation: This involves growing of crops in one area for two or three years and then move to another area to farm. The first area is left for up to five years or more to re-grow before it is cultivated again.
2.Crop Rotation: This is the growing of crops on the same piece of land following a particular arrangement of the crops. It is used only on a small piece of land.
3.Mono-cropping: This is the practice of growing only one crop on a piece of land. It enables farmers to use machines on their farms thereby increasing their productivity and efficiency.
4.Mixed-cropping: This is the practice of growing many different crops on the same farm at the same time. It is the most common system of farming practiced by many small farmers in West Africa.
5.Mixed-farming: This is the growing of crops and keeping of animals like sheep and goats at the same time on the same farm.
6.Taungya Farming: This is the growing of food crops in parts of a forest where some useful trees have been removed.
7.Ley farming: this is the practice of growing food crops and pasture crops.
8.Nomadic farming: this is movement of livestock and their herdsmen from place to place in search of food.
9.Ranching: this is another system of rearing animals in confinement on a large expanse of land that have natural vegetation or planted pasture for animals to feed on.
SUBSISTENCE FARMING
This is the farming system that provides food just enough for the farmer and his immediate family.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSISTENCE FARMING
1.Farmers provide just enough food to feed themselves and their families.
2.They cultivate very small areas using simple farm tools.
3.It is practiced by peasant (poor) farmers.
4.It employs unskilled labour.
5.The returns or output are usually very low.
6.It involves the use of family labour.
7.It involves little or low capital.
8.Limited use of Agrochemicals (e.g fertilizers, insecticides e.t.c.)
9.Mixed cropping system is usually practiced.
10.Unimproved varieties of crops or breeds of animals are used.
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Here farmers cultivate large farm areas with the major purpose of making profit. It involves planting one type of crop in large farms called plantations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
1.Sole cropping system of farming is practiced. (i.e. farmers plant just a crop).
2.Large area of land is cultivated.
3.It requires a lot of money to establish i.e. it is capital intensive.
4.Skilled labour is required.
5.Yield or output is usually high.
6.Only rich farmers can be engaged in commercial agriculture.
7.Agro-chemicals like Fertilizers are used.
8.Huge capital is used to set it up.
9.Improved varieties of crops are used to set it up.
WEEK SIX: THE SKIN
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
THE SKIN
The Human skin has three layers. The epidermis forms the outer, protective layer. The dermis contains hair roots, sweat and oil glands, nerves, and blood vessels. The fat layer attaches the skin to internal organs.
The skin is the outer protection of the body. It consists of two layers known as the epidermis and dermis.
The epidermis is the outer layer which includes the hairs and the pores through which the skin gets rid of waste matter in the form of sweat while the dermis is the inner layer known as [true skin] it has blood vessels, tiny glands, hair roots and fat. The sweat glands send out sweat, [perspiration] through the pores. The skin helps to keep the body temperature normal [370C] by sending out sweats during hot weather. As the sweat dries up, it cools the body. The dermis is made up of the following:
1.Sweat glands which produce sweat.
2.Oil glands which produce oil that keeps the skin and hair fresh and soft.
3.Blood vessels help it to perform its functions.
4.Fat deposits which reduce heat loss from the body.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
1.It protects the body from bacterial infection (germs), poor weather and injury.
2.It helps the body to get rid of waste products through sweating
3.It helps to keep the body temperature normal [i.e at 98.40F or 370C] by producing sweat during hot weather.
4.It also keeps the body warm in cold weather.
5.When the sun shines on the skin, vitamin D is produced by the skin.
TYPES OF SKIN
1.Normal Skin: It is soft, clear, smooth and without spots or blemishes.
2.Dry Skin: It is usually thin, sensitive and wrinkles easily, especially around the mouth and eyes. This can result from poor feeding, ill health, dry weather, and lack of skin care.
3.Oily Skin: It is greasy and occurs when the oil glad produces too much oil.
4.Combination Skin (oily and dry skin): It has some part of the skin oily e.g. the nose and fore-head, while other parts are dry e.g. the leg.
CARE OF THE SKIN
The sweat which comes out though the pores brings waste matter to the surface of the skin. If the sweat dries on the skin it may block the pores and give unpleasant odour. Anti-perspirants and deodorants may be used to control the excessive sweating and unpleasant odour.
When the pores are blocked, it results into skin infection. A skin that is cared for adds beauty to personal appearance. A good skin is soft, smooth and neither too oily nor too dry.
1.Wash the whole body daily and more than once during hot and dusty season.
2.Always have a bath after serious games or exercise to avoid body odour.
3.Use good toilet soap, soft sponge and clean water.
4.Do not use bleaching cream.
5.Keep your towel, underwear and other clothes clean.
6.Eat balanced diet.
7.Treat skin diseases and infections promptly.
SKIN INJURIES AND TREATMENT
1. Cuts: There are different types of cuts such as small, wide and deep cut. Deep cuts are caused by dirty sharp objects as nails, broken bottles, cans, wires, knives, scissors etc.
TREATMENT OF CUTS
Wash in water to which a few drop of mild antiseptic have been added. Apply a plaster, lint or bandage.
2. Burns and scalds: These are skin injuries caused by dry heat for example, the heat of a flame or hot iron, pot, etc. Scalds are caused by moist heat like steam or boiling liquids on the skin.
TREATMENT OF BURNS AND SCALDS
1.Soak a clean piece of cloth in palm oil, groundnut oil or shear butter and bandage the burns with it.
2.Apply Vaseline and a bandage
3.If blisters occur do not burst or open them.
4.Severe burns and scalds should be treated immediately by a doctor.
3. Bruises: These result when the body is given a blow with sufficient force. There is bleeding under the skin without breaking it. Swelling and deceleration of the injured area occur.
TREATMENT OF BRUISES
1.Soak a clean cloth or handkerchief in a very cold water and bandage the bruise with it. Keep the bandage very wet with cold water or
2.Wrap some ice blocks in a clean cloth and apply this to the bruise.
4. Stings: These are bites from insects such as wasp, bee and scorpion.
TREATMENT OF STINGS
1.Clean the area with cold water
2.Apply a soothing lotion such as calamine lotion.
3.Remove the stings from the body by:
4.Gentle squeezing at opposite sides of the puncture or alternatively, place the ring-like end of a small key over the spot.
5.Press the key hard to remove the sting.
6.Clean the area with suitable antiseptic solution e.g. T.C.P or Dettol.
7.Apply a bandage
8.Very painful stings such as that of scorpion should be treated by a doctor immediately.
WEEK SEVEN: THE TEETH
STRUCTURE AND PARTS OF THE TEETH
THE TEETH
Adults have four types of teeth. Incisors have a straight, sharp edge for cutting and biting. Canines tear food with their pointy shape. Bicuspids and molars have a flat surface to grind food.
The first sets of teeth of a person are called milk or temporary teeth and they are usually twenty. The temporary teeth are replaced by permanent teeth. The permanent teeth are divided into three main parts namely:
1.The Incisors: These are front teeth in the mouth which have a cutting edge. They are used for cutting off lumps of food and are eight in number.
2.The Canine: These teeth are at both sides of the mouth. They are four sharp pointed teeth and are used for tearing food. They are sometimes called dog teeth.
3.The Premolar: they are next to the canine. They are for tearing and grinding food. They have flat surface and are usually eight in number
4.The Molar: These are large back teeth, with flattened surfaces next to premolar. They are twelve in number used for crushing and chewing of food.
STRUCTURE OF THE TOOTH
1.The Crown: This is the part that shows when you open your mouth or smile.
2.The Root: this part of the tooth inside the gum
3.The Neck which is the area around the surface of the gum that separates the crown from the root.
4.The Dentine: It is the tough centre of the tooth which surrounds and protects the pulp cavity.
5.The Pulp cavity: this contains blood vessel and nerves.
6.The Enamel: this is a very hard substance which covers the crown of the tooth.
CARE OF THE TEETH
1.Clean your teeth every morning and at bed time with either a clean chewing stick or tooth brush with paste.
2.Rinse your mouth properly after each meal especially after eating sweet foods.
3.Do not pick your teeth with sharp instruments such as pins, needles etc.
4.Avoid using your teeth as nut-crackers or opener for soft drinks and beer bottles.
5.Eat balanced diets for strong healthy teeth, e.g. milk, fruit, fish, meat and other sources of calcium.
6.Exercise the teeth by chew nuts and soft bones.
CAUSES OF TOOTH INFECTION
1. Often small pieces of food are left in the mouth after meals. When these bits of food are not removed by cleaning the mouth, bacteria produce acids. The acid first destroys the enamel and then the dentine. Pain is felt, when the nerves in the pulp cavity are attacked. This causes toothache.
2. Sugars, sweets and starchy foods bring about tooth decay if their particles are left between the teeth.
3. Putting dirty objects or fingers in the mouth can introduce germs which cause tooth decay.
4. Lack of care for the teeth, failure to clean the teeth regularly can cause tooth infection.
5. Habit of picking teeth with sharp pointed articles like pins and hard tooth-pick should not be encouraged as these can puncture the gum and make way for germs to enter.
PREVENTION OF TOOTH DECAY
1. Clean the teeth regularly and properly.
2. Keep your tooth brush or chewing stick clean.
3. Do not use another person’s tooth brush or chewing stick.
4. Visit the dentist whenever you have a tooth problem.
5. Eat more hard crunchy or crisp food to give the teeth plenty of exercise.
WEEK EIGHT: CROP PLANT FORMS
FLOWERING PLANT
Flowering plants or angiosperms are plants that produce flowers which have ovaries. Each ovary encloses young seeds called ovules. It is the ovary which later develops into a fruit while the ovules become mature seeds. Most of the plants we grow in our gardens or farms are called flowering plants. There are two divisions of flowering plants namely: monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. The name cotyledon refers to the natural leaf borne by the seed of a plant. Cotyledon is otherwise known as seed leaf.
PARTS OF FLOWERING PLANTS
A flowering plant whether monocot or dicot is made up of two major parties namely the root system and the shoot systems.
THE ROOT SYSTEM: The root system refers to the lower portion of the flowering plant which contains neither leaves nor reproductive organs. It develops underground and holds the whole plant firmly in the soil. The root system has many root hairs through which water, mineral salts and other nutrients enter the plant. In some crops, roots also store food. The root has at the apex a protective cap of tissue called the root cap. The root system contains one main or tap root side or lateral and root hairs. This type of root system is called a tap root system. For example in cowpea, pepper, orange, mango and guava. In other plants, all the roots are of almost the same length and thickness. These is no main root this is called fibrous root system example include maize, rice, guinea corn and palm oil.
SHOOT SYSTEM
The shoot system of a flowering plant is differentiated into the stem, bud leaf, fruits, flower or inflorescence when the flower is fertilized, it develops into a fruit which contains the seed.
1. STEM: It is the entire stand that carries the plant in place and it originates from that part of the embryo with the seed known as epicotyl.
2. THE BUD: This is an embryonic on young shoot that has the capacity to produce leaves and branches. If a bud develops into branch bearing foliage leaves, it is called a leaf bud.
A flower bud is one which produces flower. A bud at the end of the shoot is called a terminal bud or apical bud. If in the axial of leaf, it is called axillary bud and from any other part of the shoot is adventitious bud.
3. THE LEAF: the leaf arises as an exogenous outgrowth of the stem apex. It is from the side of the apex of a stem. As it progresses in its development, it grows outward from the leaf base, revealing the final shape and form characteristics of the species.
4. THE FLOWER: The flower is a modified plant part specialized for reproduction and is responsible either directly or indirectly for bringing into existence new plants in order to perpetuate species.
5. THE SEED: a seed is a ripened ovule; it is the result of the changes which takes place in the ovule after fertilization.
6. THE FRUIT: A fruit is a fully developed and ripened ovary or the result of the changes which go on in a flower due to fertilization.
FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF FLOWERING PLANTS
FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT
1.The root fixes the plant in the soil.
2.The root absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil for the use of the plant.
3.Sometimes, roots also function as storage organs as in the case of the cassava.
4.In an uncultivated land, the root system enriches the surface layer of the soil with the nutrients necessary for the plant growth.
5.The roots of some plants are used in preparation of drugs.
6.The roots of some plants such as carrot are used as food.
7.Roots also prevent soil erosion.
8.Roots are used in vegetative propagation, for example in sweet potato.
FUNCTIONS OF STEM
1.The stem conducts material to and from the leaves.
2.Itsupports the leaves and distribute them in space so that they receive adequate light.
3.The stem also stores food as in the case of sugar cane.
4.It is used as cutting for propagation as in cassava, bitter leaf etc.
5.Woody stem supplies timber, for building etc.
6.Some stems, such as bamboo stem and the thick are used as poles.
7.The barks of some stem are used for medicinal purposes.
8.It supports the flowers. It exposes them for pollination.
FUNCTIONS OF LEAF
1.The leaf is the main seat of photosynthesis.
2.The leaf carries out transpiration an activity which ensures absorption from the soil and this helps to control transportation in plants.
3.It serves as food in form of vegetables which can give vitamins and mineral to the body.
4.Dead leaves serves as manure to the soil.
5.Leaves are also used as drug.
FUNCTIONS OF FLOWER
1.It produces of seeds for the perpetuation of the species.
2.It is used for decorative purposes.
3.It is also used for natural dyestuffs.
FUNCTION OF BUD
It produces the leaves, branches and flowers.
FUNCTIONS OF SEED
1.The seed serves for reproduction.
2.The seed serves for food.
FUNCTIONS OF FRUIT
1.It is an agent for seed disposal and survival.
2.It serves as food to man.
WEEK EIGHT: Hands, Fingernails and Feet
The appearance of a person’s hands tells much about him/her. Beautiful, soft clean hands with neat fingernails give the impression that the person is very careful about her appearance and hygiene.
FUNCTIONS OF THE HANDS AND FEET
1.The hands and fingers are used for touching things.
2.They are used for doing different types of work.
3.The legs give us support.
4.The legs are used for walking about.
5.The legs also perform some other activities such as playing games, dancing, jumping, etc.
IMPORTANCE OF CLEAN HANDS AND FEET
1.Dirty hands can harbour germs especially under the fingernails. And it is easy for the germs to pass from the hands to the month.
2.Clean hands and feet are important for personal appearance.
3.Dirty hands and feet can be repulsive to other people. People will not want to play work or eat with a person that has dirty hands and feet.
CARE OF THE HANDS AND THE FEET
1.Hands, if not kept clean, can be the source of ill-health. It is very important to wash them after using the toilet and before eating.
2.Always trim the finger and toe nails.
3.Apply little hand lotion or cream to the hand to make it soft.
4.Do not use teeth to trim the finger nail.
5.Remove any dry skin around the sole of the feet by rubbing with a pumice stone.
6.Avoid the habit of walking bear footed.
7.Keep your stockings and shoes clean.
8.Wear good fitted and comfortable shoes.
The process by which the hands are softened, fingernails are trimmed, cleaned and sometimes, varnished is called a manicure while Pedicure is the care for the feet and toe nails.
DISEASE OF THE FOOT
1.Athlete’s Foot: It involves the toes and the spaces between the toes. When the feet are not well exposed to air and are constantly wet bacteria and fungi grow in the space in between the toe and the sole of the fee. Application of dusting powder in the shoes and on the feet also discourages the infection.
2.Calluses: Theses appears as thickened areas of the skin around the heel. They can be removed by scrubbing with pumice stone
3.Corns: These are commonly caused by ill fitted shoes. They form as small moulds of dead hard and waxy skin. They can be prevented by wearing well-fitted shoes.
WEEK NINE: CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON LIFE CYCLE AND MORPHOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF BASED ON ITS LIFE CYCLE
LIFE CYCLE OF A CROP
Lifecycle of a crop is the number of years it will take the crop to germinate, mature, flower, produce seeds and die. Crops can be classified into three classes on the basis of their life cycle, the classes are:
(A) annual
(B) biennial
(C) perennial
Annual Crops: Annual crops are the crops that grow and complete their lifecycle within one year. They germinate, mature, flower, produce seeds and die within one year. Examples of annual crops are cotton, maize, cowpea and millet.
Biennial Crops: Biennial crops are crops that take two years to complete their life cycle. In the first year, they produce leaves and branches, in the second year, they produce and store food, flower have fruits and then die. Example of biennial crops are; cassava, onion, carrot and cocoyam.
Perennial Crops: Perennial crops are crops that take more than two years to complete their life cycle. Example of perennial crops are; mango, cocoa, pawpaw, oil palm, rubber etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON MORPHOLOGY
There are two broad classes of crops based on what they look like (morphology). They are
1.Monocotyledons and
2.Dicotyledons
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Monocotyledons are plants that have seeds which possess just one cotyledon each or one seed leaf, example of monocotyledons are palms, cereal e.g. rice, millet, guinea corn, maize , oil palm etc,
CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOCOT
1.They have fibrous roots i.e. the roots are almost of the same size.
2.They have long slender hollow stem which bear few or no branches.
3.The stems are soft, that is they lack cambium tissue, a layer which is responsible for the thickening of stem in dicotyledons.
4.The leaves are long and narrow.
5.The leaves have parallel veins, that is main veins which are parallel to one another.
6.They have one seed leaf.
DICOTYLEDON PLANTS
Dicotyledons are plants that have seeds with two cotyledons each or two seed leaves. When the seeds split open, they give two parts. These are cotyledons. Examples of dicotyledons are cowpea, soyabean, cotton, groundnut, orange, mango, tomato, waterleaf etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DICOT PLANT
1.They have tap root.
2.They have a main stem bearing several branches.
3.They have cambium tissue in their stem.
4.Their leaves are short and broad.
5.Leaves have net venation.
6.They have two seed leaves
7.They have leaves with petioles or stalks.
8.Their flowers have either five or multiple of five parts.
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WEEK NINE: GOOD POSTURE
Posture is the way the body parts are helped up or carried when you walk, stand, sit or work. Posture means keeping the natural balance of the body aligned. Good posture in standing, walking or sitting is important at every stage of life especially while the bones are growing. When the body is supported by well-shaped bones and firm muscles, good posture can be attained.
To maintain a good posture, you have to eat proper and regular meals, have sufficient sleep and take plenty of exercise in an airy place.
IMPORTANCE OF A GOOD POSTURE OR CARRIAGE
1.Good posture enhances appearance.
2.It helps different parts of the body to be supported by the right bones and muscles.
3.It gives the body a comfortable and relaxed feeling.
4.It makes clothes to fit you.
5.It promotes good health. Some organs of the body may be thrown off their natural positions because of your posture. This can result in backaches, tiredness, etc.
6.Good posture gives dignity, poise, self-confidence and respect.
7.It can also affect a person’s movement and activities.
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD POSTURE
GOOD SITTING POSTURE
1.Sit with your laps on the chair
2.Do not lean forward
3.Sit straight with your legs relaxed.
4.Keep your head erect and chests up.
GOOD WALKING POSTURE
1. Avoid dragging your feet.
2.Do not twist or bend the body.
3.Hold your head up.
4.Swing the arms naturally.
GOOD STANDING POSTURE
1.Carry your weight on both feet and stand firm.
2.Push your head up and chest out.
3.Tuck in buttock and abdomen.
GOOD WORKING POSTURE
1.Use table and chair of appropriate height and sit properly.
2.Do not hang the feet to avoid cramps.
3.Do not bend too low over the book while reading.
HOW TO MAINTAIN GOOD POSTURE
1.Eat regular and proper meals.
2.Have enough sleep and rest.
3.Wear a comfortable dress\clothes.
4.Use correct size and type of furniture for each activity.
WEEK TEN: CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON THEIR USES.
1.CEREALS: They belong to grass family. They are grown for their seed. Examples are maize, sorghum, millet, rice and wheat.
2.LEGUMES(PULSES): They are eaten as good source of plant protein. Examples are; soya bean, cowpea and groundnut.
3.SUGAR CROPS: they are grown for sugar, eg sugarcane.
4.BEVERAGES AND STIMULANTS: They are used for making non-alcoholic drinks .E.g cocoa, tea, coffee, kolanut and tobacco.
5.ROOT AND TUBERS: They store food in underground parts and eaten by man. E.g cassava, sweet potato, yams and cocoyams.
6.FRUITS: They are eaten fresh or canned. E.g. orange, mango, banana and pineapple.
7.OIL CROPS: The oils and fats in them are used for cooking, e.g. groundnut, soyabean, sunflower, coconut, cottonseed, sheabutter etc.
8.VEGETABLES: Their leaves or fruits are eaten fresh or boiled. E.g okro, water leaf, amaranthus, bitter leaf, cabbage, onion etc.
9.SPICES: They are added to food to make it taste or smell better. E.g ginger, pepper, garlic, lemon grass, locust bean etc.
10.FIBRE CROPS: They are grown for their seeds, stem and leaves. The fibre are used for making cloths, sacks, carpets and ropes. E.g cotton, jute, kenaf and sisal.
11.LATEX AND GUM CROPS: They produce liquids from which gum or rubber are made. Eg rubber.
12.ORNAMENTAL CROPS: They are grown for decoration of our environments. Examples are; roses, pride of Barbados, marigold etc.
13.DRUGS: Products extracted from these crops are used to make medicines e.g kola, opium, lemon grass, neem plant etc.
14.FORAGE CROPS: They are grown for feeding animals. e.g elephant grass, gambagrass e.t.c.
