SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE JS3
1.REVISION OF JSS 2 WORK
2.PACKAGING IN AGRICULTURE
3.BRANDING: DEFINITION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
4.PRICING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
5.ADVERTISING IN AGRICULTURE
6.MARKETING IN AGRICULTURE
7.FARM RECORDING
8.BOOK KEEPING
9.FARM ACCOUNT I
10.FARM ACCOUNT II
11.REVISION
WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILES STUDY (H/ECO)
The study of textiles involves an understanding of the origin of fibres to the ways of constructing fibres into fabrics, properties of the fabrics, ways of caring for the fabrics and the uses of the fabrics.
REASONS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXTILES
The study of textiles will help you in the following ways:
Identifying different types of fabrics and their characteristics or properties.
Selecting or choosing the suitable fabric for a given purpose.
Taking proper care of the fabric
Handling the fabric correctly
Making you a wise consumer
You can develop interest in clothing and textiles careers.
Using fabrics intelligently
GENERAL USES OF TEXTILES
Textiles are used for:
Construction of personal and family clothes e.g dresses, underwear
Construction of household linen, such as bed sheets, curtains, towels
Keeping the body warm or cool e.g sweaters and cotton wears
Protecting the body from rain or wind e.g rain coats
Beautifying or adorning the body
Covering our nakedness (modesty)
BASIC TEXTILE TERMS
Fibre is a hair-like basic unit of raw material used in the making of yarns and fabrics e.g. cotton, linen, silk, wool, nylon fibres.
Yarn is a thread made by twisting or spinning fibres.
Fabric is cloth constructed with yarn or directly from fibres by weaving, knitting, crocheting, felting, etc. A woven fabric is made up of two set of yarn or thread-the warp and the weft.
The warp is the yarn or thread which runs length-wise in a woven fabric. It is parallel to the selvedge.
The weft is the yarn that runs across-wise in a fabric. It runs at right angles across the selvedge grain.
The selvedge is the edge of the fabric made by the weft thread or yarn by turning over the warp thread. It is the mill-finish edge of a fabric which runs in a length-wise direction.
Bias is the diagonal direction across the two grain lines, wrap and weft.
True Bias makes an angle of 450 across the length-wise and crosswise grains. It has the greatest stretch
Grain of the fabric refers to the direction of yarns or threads in a fabric
The right side (RS) of the fabric is the side worn out it has better finish and more distinct print than the other side
The wrong side (WS) of the fabric is the side to be worn inside.
WEEK TWO: PACKAGING IN AGRICULTURAL
MEANING OF PACKAGING
Packaging is the act of wrapping or enclosing agricultural products in a suitable material that will protect them when they are being transported from farms to markets and displayed in shops for people to buy.
PURPOSE OF PACKAGING
1.To protect the product from being damaged when they are transported from the farm to the stores and markets.
2.To protect farm products from damage as a result of bad weather, heat and rain.
3.To protect farm products from contamination and damage by pests and disease organisms.
4.Packaging makes agricultural products easier to handle, store and more attractive in shops.
5.To prevent products from losing their value.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PACKAGING MATERIALS
1.The packaging material must be suitable for the type of agricultural products.
2.Packaging material for animal products should be different from materials used for packaging plants.
3.It must be capable of preventing farm products from breakage, leakage and damage to the farm.
4.The packaging container must enclose the product in a convenient unit for handling and distributing.
5.It must be strong enough to protect the agricultural products from hazards during transportation.
6.It must be easily available and cheap.
7.It must make it easy to carry the Agricultural products in terms of weight and form.
8.It should be easy to dispose off after use.
TYPES OF PACKAGING MATERIAL FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
1.Jute or Calico Sacks: For packaging dried Agricultural products such as maize, rice, cowpea, millet, sorghum, dried cocoa, beans e.t.c.
2.Plastic or Polythene bags: Used for packaging flour products such as: maize flour, cassava flour e.t.c
3.BownKrafts: Used for packaging small quantity of dried grains e.g rice, beans, maize e.t.c. displayed for sale on shop shelves
4.Cardboard Boxes and Trays: For packaging products such as eggs, pineapples, mangoes and bananas.
5.Hard Plastic Containers: They are manufactured specially for carrying vegetables.
6.Plastic Wrappers: Used for wrapping breed, for dressed chicken for sale in shops and markets.
7.Wooden Crates: For packaging fresh fruits such as tomatoes, mangoes, avocado pear e.t.c
8.Plastic Bottles: For packaging liquid such as vegetable oil, milk e.t.c.
9.Glass Bottles and Jars: For packaging liquid such as honey, palm wine, Coconut Oil, Palm Oil e.t.c.
10.Metal Drums and Cans: Metal drums are used to package large quantities of liquids vegetable Oil eg Palm Oil, Corn Oil. Metal Cans are used for packaging fish such as Sardines and Mackerels.
11.Baskets: They are made locally fromraphia, palm frond e.t.c. They are very useful in packaging fruits and vegetables.
WEEK 2 & 3: CLASSES AND PROPERTIES OF FIBRES (H/ECO)
Fibres are classified into two main classes. Namely;
1.The natural fibres; which are gotten from either plant e.g cotton and linen; or from animals e.g wool and silk.
2.The man-made fibres; which are gotten from cellulose based fibres e.g viscose rayon and acetate or from non-cellulose based e.g nylon, polyester and acrylics.
PROPERTIES OF FIBRES
A. COTTON: Cotton is a vegetable fibre. It is made from cotton balls of the cotton plant. The cotton fibres surround the seeds of the cotton plant.
PROPERTIES OF COTTON
1.It absorbs moisture quickly
2.It is reasonably strong and durable
3.It washes well
4.It can be dyed easily
5.It is cool and comfortable to wear.
B. LINEN: Is a vegetable fibre. It is gotten from the stem of flax plant. The flax plant grows in countries such as France, Russia, it is not produced in Nigeria.
PROPERTIES
1.It is stronger than cotton
2.It is absorbent and cool to wear
3.It dries slowly
4.It washes well
5.It is a good conductor of heat.
C. WOOL: is an animal fibre. It is gotten from the hair of fleece f sheep. The hair of camel, Angora, rabbit or angora goat can also be used. It is commonly produced in Britain, Australia e.t.c.
PROPERTIES
1.A wool fibre has a scaly appearance
2.It is stronger when dry than when wet.
3.It gives the smell of burning feather when burnt.
4.It makes a very absorbent fabrics
5.It is readily affected by bleach
D. SILK: is an animal fibre. It is produced by silk worm. Silk is produced chiefly in France, Italy, China and Japan.
PROPERTIES
1.It is a very strong fibre
2.It is smooth and fine
3.It is warm to touch
4.It absorbs moisture easily
5.It is an expensive fibre
E. VISCOSE RAYON: is made by treating wood pulp or cotton linters with certain chemicals
PROPERTIES
1.It is not very strong especially when wet
2.2. it has smooth surface
3.3. resemble sink in appearance only
F. ACETATE: it is made from wood pulp or cotton linters treated with acetic and acid acetic anhydride
PROPERTIES
1.it dries quickly
2. it looses strength when wet
G. NYLON: is the family name for all synthetic polyamides
PROPERTIES
1.It is very strong
2. It is light in weight
3. It requires no ironing
4. It is durable.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF FIBRES
A COTTON; are processed from bolls by the following steps;
1.Ginning
2.Baling
3.Clearing
4.Carding
5.Combing
6.Drawing
7.Spinning
8.Dyeing
9. Weaving
B. LINEN; Is produced from the stem of flax plant by the following steps
1.Retting
2.Breaking and scotching
3.Combing
4.Spinning
C. WOOL; wool fibres are produced into two forms
1.Worsted yarn; this is made from long fibres
2.Woollen yarn; this is made from short fibres
The major steps for the manufacturing of both forms are;
1.Clipping
2.Sorting
3.Scouring
4.Carbonizing
5.Carding
6.Spinning
7.Weaving
D. RAYON
1.The cellulose (wood pulp or cotton linters) is first purified
2.The cellulose is then treated with the right chemicals. It is then changed into a thin liquid.
3.The liquid is then forced through a nozzle containing many fine holes called a spinneret. The rayon filaments or fibres are produced
4.The filaments are spun into yarns. The yarns are woven into fabric
EXPERIMENT AND TEST ON DIFFERENT FIBRES
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WEEK THREE: BRANDING (AGRIC)
This is the activity of giving a particular name and lineage to goods and services, so that people will be attracted to them and want to buy them.
ADVANTAGES OF BRANDING
1.It helps in easy identification of agricultural product.
2.It helps the buyer to easily remember what they want to buy.
3.It adds a measure of prestige to the product.
4.It helps in maintenance of quality.
5.The producer may enjoy some forms of monopoly when goods are branded.
6.It prevents product adulteration.
7.It helps to increase sales (turn over) of farm produce.
DISADVANTAGES OF BRANDING
1.It increases the cost of production.
2.Some products are difficult to brand e.g vegetables and fruits.
3.It causes confusion among the consumers.
4.Producers do find it difficult to maintain consistent quality.
WEEK 4,5,6: CARE AND HANDLING OF DIFFERENT FABRICS (H/ECO)
Reasons for care of clothing
1.To make the clothing last longer. Dirt can damage fabrics
2.To kill any disease-carrying germs and pests in the fabrics
3.To keep the clothes looking clean or better, dirty clothes are unpleasant to look at
4.To save money since clean clothes last longer
5.To ensure that whatever clothes you have will be available for wearing anytime.
LAUNDRY AGENTS AND EQUIPMENT
1.Water; used for soaking, washing and rinsing clothes.
2.Soaps and detergents; to lower the surface tension of water, remove certain stains, kill carrying germs in fabrics.
3.Bleaches; make white cotton and linen fabrics whiter, remove certain stains, kill disease carrying germs in fabric.
4.Stiffening agents; to stiffen cotton and linen fabrics, to give the fabrics a smooth surface and fresh look
5.Stain removers; to remove stains from fabrics.
LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
1.Equipment and tools for collecting dirty clothes; these include linen baskets or bins, laundry bags
2.Equipment and tools for washing; these include basins, buckets and laundry tubs or trays, they can be made of plastics, stainless steel or porcelain. We also have washing machine.
3.Equipment and tools for drying; clothes lines, movable clothes, horses or hangers, pegs e.t.c.
4.Ironing or pressing equipment; These include the iron, ironing board, ironing pads e.t.c.
GENERAL GUIDELINES AND STEPS IN LAUNDERING FABRICS
1.Sorting
2.Mending
3.Stain removal
4.Soaking and steeping
5.Washing
6.Rinsing
7.Boiling
8.Bluing and stiffening
9.Drying
10.Finishing or ironing
11.Airing
12.Folding and storage.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The basic elements of designs are
1.LINE: This refers to the outline of an object or to the obvious lines within it.
2.SHAPE: This refers to the form of a solid object, which is created when lines are combined. The outline of a garment is its shape.
3.SPACE: This refers to the three dimensional area that is to be designed. It is the entire area within a garment.
4.TEXTURE: This is the way the surface of a fabric looks and feels.
5.COLOUR: This is one of the most important elements. It has many visual effects and its own language.
COLOUR WHEEL
This is an arrangement of colours in a circle to show how they are related.
1.The primary colours: They are red, yellow and blue.
2.The secondary colours: They are orange, green and purple/ violet.
3.Tertiary colours: These are six, and each is a blend of primary and secondary colours. They include red- violet, blue- violet, blue- green, yellow- green, yellow- orange and red- orange.
4.Warm colours: These are red, yellow, orange, yellow- orange etc.
5.Cool colours: These are blue, green, purple, blue- purple etc.
POINTS TO REMEMBER WHEN CHOOSING COLOURS
1.Cool and dark colours make one look smaller than normal.
2.Warm and light or bright colours make one look larger than normal.
3.Bright contrasting colours draw attention to the figure, they therefore make one look larger than normal.
4.Black can be used with all colour except very dark brown because there will be no contrast.
5.White goes with every colour provided it is used sparingly.
6.Brown goes well with yellow, green, light blue, orange etc.
7.Grey as neutral colour, it harmonizes with red, yellow, blue, green, orange and purple.
WEEK FOUR: PRICING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
MEANING OF PRICE
The price of an agricultural product is the amount of money which a product is to be paid by people who desire to buy the products.
MEANING OF MARKET
A market is described as the specific place where producers and buyers meet for exchange of materials. The price of any agricultural product depends on the environment which is called.
THE CONCEPT OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Supply: The supply of a product is the total quantity of the product that producers offer for sale in the market.
Demand: The demand of a product is the total quantity of the product desired by all traders and customers for the product.
DETERMINATION OF PRICE BY SUPPLY AND DEMAND
If the supply of an agricultural product is low, which means there is a shortage of the product in the market, many people will want the product and some traders and customers will be prepared to pay extra money to buy the product. In this situation, the price of the product will be high.
When the supply of an agricultural product is high, it means there is a large quantity of the product in the market; some producers will be willing to sell for a low price, to attract buyers. The price of the product will therefore be low.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE PRICING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
1.Cost of production: the production costs are put into consideration to fix the selling price of any agricultural produce.
2.Quantity of Produce: if the farmer produces a large quantity of produce to make the market saturated the selling price will fall, vice versa.
3.Quality of produce: the demand for high quality produce is high, therefore the selling price of such produce is also high.
4.Demand and supply.
5.Market Places: the farther the distance to the site of production, the higher the selling price. Also farm produce sells more in cities than villages where the demand is low.
6.Seasons: The prices of crops are low at their seasons of production and high when their season is gone.
WEEK FIVE: ADVERTISING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
THE MEANING OF ADVERTISEMENT
This is the act of making people to know about agricultural products that are being produced and marketed by individuals and organisations.
PURPOSE OF ADVERTISING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
1.To attract people to buy the product.
2.To create awareness about the farm produce available.
3.To make customers develop interest in the farm produce.
4.To increase the income of the agricultural product.
METHODS OF ADVERTISING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Agricultural products are advertised through the following means:
1.Local newspaper.
2.Mass media such as radio and Television.
3.The bill boards.
4.Use of handbill, pamphlets and bulletins.
5.Through the social media such as Facebook, instagram etc.
6.Through mobile phones.
Information provided to advertise agricultural products are:
1.The common trade name of the product.
2.The high qualities of the product.
3.Where the product can easily be obtained.
WEEK SIX: MARKETING IN AGRICULTURE
MEANING OF MARKET AND MARKETING
A market is a place where farmers exchange agricultural produce such as yams for money.
Agricultural marketing involves all activities from gathering of agricultural produce from farms to getting them to the customers.
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACTIVITIES
This involves the activities such as assembling, grading, processing, packaging, storage, transportation and distribution.
1.Assembling: this involves collection of products from various locations in order to make them available in large quantity for the buyers.
2.Grading: Products are sort into grads depending on their shape, size, quality, purity, flavor etc. this is done to ensure high standards of agricultural products.
3.Processing: Processing is the conversion of farm product into a better form to increase the utility and value. E.g orange can be processed to orange juice.
4.Packaging: This involves the placing of farm products in crates, boxes or egg containers. This makes transportation easy to carry out.
5.Storage: Farm produce are preserved and kept to make it available to consumers most of the time.
6.Transportation: It is necessary to move agricultural produce from the farm to the market so that the customers can find them to buy.
7.Distribution: Traders, wholesalers and retailers are involved in the distribution of farm produce to their customers.
TYPES OF MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
1.Perfect competition market: In this type of market, there are many buyers and sellers.
2.Imperfect competition: The decision of one or more sellers or buyers affects the price of the commodity. The forms of imperfect market are:
3.Monopoly: When there is one seller and more buyers.
4.Duopoly: When there are two sellers.
5.Oligopoly: Where there is a small numbers of sellers.
6.Monopsony: When there is only one buyer.
7.Duopsony: When there are two buyers.
8.Oligopsony: When thereare small number of buyer.
WEEK SEVEN: FARM RECORDS
MEANING OF FARM RECORD
Farm record is the documentation of various events which happens on a farm.
Purpose of Keeping Record
1.It is useful for future planning
2.It can be used as part of collateral for loan
3.It helps the farmer to know whether he is making a profit or loss
4.It helps the farmer to know the state of things on the farm
5.It helps to detect fraudulent acts
6.It help in farm management decision taking.
TYPES OF FARM RECORDS
The types of farm records include; farm dairy, farm inventory, input records, production records, sales record, and consumption records e.t.c.
1.The Farm Diary
This contains the record of day-to-day events on the farm. This includes the dates of planting, germination, flowering, the amount of farm input such as pesticides, fertilizer and so on, the date of birth of the younganimals etc.
2. The Farm Inventory
This is the record of all the property and resources in the farm which are owned by the farmer, these includes the building, livestock, machines, equipment and so on.
3. Input Records
This is the record of all inputs used for production in the farm during the year; these includes the cost of seeds, cost of feeds, cost of drugs, cost of tools, cost of equipment e.t.c.
4. Production Records
This is the record of all items produced on the farm. Such items include the crops and livestock.
5. Consumption Records
This is the record of all farm products consumed by the owner of the farm.
6. Sales Records
This is the record of the sales on the farm; it enables the farmer to know whether he is making profit or loss.
WEEK 7: THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The basic elements of designs are
1.LINE: This refers to the outline of an object or to the obvious lines within it.
2.SHAPE: This refers to the form of a solid object, which is created when lines are combined. The outline of a garment is its shape.
3.SPACE: This refers to the three dimensional area that is to be designed. It is the entire area within a garment.
4.TEXTURE: This is the way the surface of a fabric looks and feels.
5.COLOUR: This is one of the most important elements. It has many visual effects and its own language.
COLOUR WHEEL
This is an arrangement of colours in a circle to show how they are related.
1.The primary colours: They are red, yellow and blue.
2.The secondary colours: They are orange, green and purple/ violet.
3.Tertiary colours: These are six, and each is a blend of primary and secondary colours. They include red- violet, blue- violet, blue- green, yellow- green, yellow- orange and red- orange.
4.Warm colours: These are red, yellow, orange, yellow- orange etc.
5.Cool colours: These are blue, green, purple, blue- purple etc.
POINTS TO REMEMBER WHEN CHOOSING COLOURS
1.Cool and dark colours make one look smaller than normal.
2.Warm and light or bright colours make one look larger than normal.
3.Bright contrasting colours draw attention to the figure, they therefore make one look larger than normal.
4.Black can be used with all colour except very dark brown because there will be no contrast.
5.White goes with every colour provided it is used sparingly.
6.Brown goes well with yellow, green, light blue, orange etc.
7.Grey as neutral colour, it harmonizes with red, yellow, blue, green, orange and purple.
WEEK EIGHT: BOOK KEEPING
This is the act of recording business transaction in a systematic manner so that the books will show at any time the exact state of their owners affairs.
SOURCE DOCUMENT
They are those documents that form the source of book keeping records. They are documents of initial transactions from which book keeping records are made or kept.
EVALUATION
1.What is Book Keeping?
2.What are source document?
TYPES OF SOURCE DOCUMENTS
1.Sales Invoice: These are out going invoice.
2.Purchase Invoice: These are incoming invoice issued by the creditors or suppliers.
3.Receipt: This is evidence of cash payment.
4.Voucher: This is the evidence of payment or receipt with a brief detail in respect of the transaction.
5.Credit note: This is sent to inform the receiver that this account is credited as a result of an overcharge.
6.Debit note: It shows that the receiver’s account is debited as a result of undercharge e.t.c.
JOURNALS
These are the books of original entry, that is, where transactionare first recorded before they are transferred to the ledger. They are also called the subsidiary books or books of prime entry. They can be listed as follows,
1.Cash book/Cash account
2.Sales book / Sales day book/Sales Journal
3.Purchases book/purchases day book/Purchase journal
4.Return inward book / Sales return book / Sales return journal
5.Purchases returns book/return outward book/Return outward journal
6.General journal /Principal journal / Journal proper
WEEK 8: DRESSES FOR DIFFERENT OCCASIONS
1. School clothes
2. Clothes for office work
3. Clothes for household work or activities
4. Clothes for sleeping
5. Clothes for sports, picnics and relaxation
6. Clothes for religious worship
7. Clothes for travelling (journey / trips).
1. SCHOOL CLOTHES:
i. Fabric for school clothes should be dirable, washable colourful and comfortable.
ii. He style should be loose enough to allow for school activities and it should be simple.
iii. Shoes should be dirable, comfort and easy to clean.
2. CLOTHES FOR OFFICE WORK:
i. The cloth should be comfortable, smart and simple.
ii. Fabrics should be easy to clean / washable.
iii. Over dressing should be avoided.
iv. Only simple accessories are needed.
v. Clothed should not be too tight or revealing.
vi. Clothes should be discreet.
vii. Make – ups should be applied lightly.
viii. Dress and shoes should be avoided.
3. CLOTHES FOR HOUSEHOLD WORK OR ACTIVITIES:
It is very important to dress neatly even when working at home. Clothing for household activities should be comfortable, suitable and washable of simple style and durable fabric. An apron or overall can be worn over the dress to protect it.
4. CLOTHES FOR SLEEPING (Night goons or pyjamas)
i. Fabrics should be soft – textured and flame resistant.
ii. Clothes should be comfortable and loose. Tight Clothes can restrict movement or flow of blood.
iii. A house coat can be worn over the night goon outside the bedroom.
5. CLOTHES FOR SPORTS, PICNICS AND RELAXATIONS.
i. Clothes for active sports should provide for freedom of movement and at the same time cover the body decently.
ii. Fabrics for such, clothes should be durable and easy to care for.
iii. Shoe should be comfortable for easy movement.
iv. Fabrics should be washable.
6. CLOTHES FOR RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.
i. The clothes should be comfortable and not tight.
ii. Fabric should not crease (wrinkle) easily.
iii. They should be washable.
CLOTHING ACCESSORIES
These are the additional items we wear in order to supplement our clothes e.g. shoes, hats, jewellery, and ties, handkerchief, scarves, and handbags e.t.c.
WEEK NINE: FARM ACCOUNT
Farm Accounts are statement of money paid out or received for goods and services in a farming business.
IMPORTANCE OF FARM ACCOUNTS
1.It helps to monitor the changes in prices of items bought or sold on the farm.
2.It shows the financial position of the farm.
3.It shows whether profit or loss is made.
4.It is useful in taking management decision.
5.It is useful in procurement of loans.
6.It helps to determine animal tax.
TYPES OF FARM ACCOUNTS
1.Sales Account: It shows the details of farm products sold, this includes; the types of product sold; the quantity, date sold, to whom and at what price.
2.Purchase Account: It shows the details of items purchased for use on the farm. This includes the name of input, date purchased, number of input, quantity and the cost.
3.Farm Valuation: It contains information that helps to determine the value of the farm.
4.Balance Sheet: It shows the capital or financial position of the farm at the end of the accounting period, usually a year. It is also called the Net worth.
5.Farm Income statement: It comprises all the farm receipts (sales) and expenses earned on the farm over a specific period of time.
6.Cash Analysis Account: It shows the details of income and expenditure of a farm over a period of time.
7.Profit and Loss Account: It shall be discussed next week.
WEEK 9: THE SEWING MACHINE / TYPES
The sewing machine is major sewing equipment. It is very important in successful sewing. There are different types and makes of sewing machines. The following are common types of sewing machines.
1. HAND SEWING MACHINE: This is a simply, it is operated just with hand. It requires to be placed on a table.
2. TREADLE SEWNG MACHINE: This is operated with the feet. The worker has both hands free for guiding the work. It normally has a special stand.
3. ELECTRIC SEWING MACHINE: This is operated with to aid of an electric motor.
PARTS OF A SEWING MACHINE
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PART FUCTIONS
1. Balance wheel
i) It is turned either forward or backward to machine sew.
ii) It rises and loners the needle.
2. Foot presser
It holds the fabrics firmly in place for stitching
3. Presser foot lifter
It is uses to raise and loner the presser foot, it is at the back of the machine
4. Feed – dog
i) It holds the fabric tight against the presser foot
ii) It pills the fabric along for stitching as it moves up and down. It is a tooth like piece of metal under the pressure foot.
5. Throat plate
Provides slots or opening through which the needle projects down – ward and the feed – dog upward.
6. Spool pin
This holds the spool of the thread.
7. Thread guide
i. These support the thread from one part of the machine to another.
ii. They prevent the thread from twisting.
8. Needle clamp
It is an attachment for needle.
9. Stitch regulator
It is used to shorten or lengthen the stitches of the machine
10. Bobbin
It is used for winding the thread which goes in the lower part of the machine
11. Bobbin case
It is the case that holds the bobbin.
12. Stop matron screw
This is loosened to disconnect the needle and stop from moving when the machine is operated. It is the balance wheel.
13. Tension discs
This regulates the tightness of the thread as it forms the stitches.
GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING SEWING MACHINES
1. Compare similar types of sewing machines by different manufacturers.
2. Compare their servicing arrangements, parts, prices and any other necessary information.
3. Consider the weight of the machine is very heavy may be too different to carry about.
4. Consider the money available. Buy the best your money can afford.
5. Before paying for the machine, check to ensure that you have the instruction manual or handbook all the accessories and spare parts that accompany the in chive.
6. Before carrying away the machine. It is necessary to have the dealer demonstrate to you how is should be operated. Then try it out yourself.
CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF SEWING MACHINES
1. Study the machine handbook (manual) carefully.
2. Clean the machine often by dusting to remove, dirt and dust.
3. Oil the necessary point according to the hard book.
4. Cover the machine when not in use.
5. Do not scratch the plain work of machine by using sharp object like scissors on it.
6. Disconnect the belt of a treadle machines to enable the encasement of the machine in its box
WEEK TEN: PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
This is the type of account prepared at the end of a business period, usually a year, by the farmer with the purpose of knowing whether the business is making a profit or loss.
IMPORTANCE OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
1.It helps to know whether the farm is making a profit or loss
2.It helps to determine the overall performance of the farm at the end of the accounting period.
3.It aids the future planning of the farm for better results.
PRINCIPLES OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
1.Expenses and purchases are recorded on the left hand side (debits side) and all receipts and sales are recorded on the right hand side.
2.Closing valuation is put on the right side while the opening valuation is put on the left.
3.Item consumed are recorded on the credit side.
Calculations on profit and loss account Example:
Prepare a profit loss account for Segun farms for the year ended 31/12/94
1.Cost of feed = 500
2.Cost of drugs = 200
3.Sales of eggs = 2000
4.Eggs for domestic = 200
5.Loss due to mortality = 300
6.Value of stock left = 600
7.Farm wages = 400
8.Sales of spent layers = 1000
9.Transportation cost = 300
10.Depreciation = 200
11.Net profit = 1600
Solution
Debit Credit
S/N PARTICULARS N S/N PARTICULARS N
1. Cost of feed 500 3. Sales of eggs 2000
2. Cost of drugs 200 4. Eggs for domestic 200
5. Loss due to mortality 300 6. Value of stock left 600
7. Farm wages 400 8.Sales of spent layers 1000
9. Transportation cost 300 Total 3,800
10. Depreciation 200
11. Electricity bill 300
Total 2200
12. Net profit 1,600
Grand Total 3,800
WEEK 10: SEWING MACHINE FAULTS, CAUSES AND REMEDIES
Fullness in clothing construction means the provision of extra allowance in the garment. This fullness can be created on controlled using darts, tucks, gutter and pleats.TYPES OF FULLNESS
1.Darts: They are tapered folds of fabric and they are stitches on the wrong side of a good.
