JSS2 CCA FIRST TERM - A-VIBEBLOG
SCHEME OF WORK CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ART JSS 2
1. The Study of Colours.
2. Elements of Art and Design
3. Principles of Art and Design
4. Design in Theatre
5. Dance
6. Self – Control
7. Voice Training
8. Origin of Music
9. History of Music
10. The Study of Colours (Colour Application)
11. Revision
12. Examination
WEEK ONE: THE STUDY OF COLOURS
MEANING OF COLOUR
Colour is viewed in various forms. Colour is the effect produced when light strikes an object and is reflected back to the eyes. To the artists, they see colour as the pigment or hue. Scientists see colour as the decomposition of white light reflected through a spectrum. Objects around us have various hues which is actually their local colour.
CLASSIFICATION OF COLOURS
1. PRIMARY COLOURS: Primary colours are the basic colours that cannot be obtained by mixing any other colours together. The primary triads are red, yellow and blue.
2. SECONDARY COLOURS: Secondary colours are colours that emerged from the equal combination of two primary colours. Two primary colours are mixed in equal quantity to obtain a secondary colour. The examples are shown below:
RED + YELLOW = ORANGE
PC PC = Secondary colour
BLUE + RED = PURPLE OR VIOLET
PC PC = Secondary colour
BLUE + YELLOW = GREEN
PC PC = Secondary colour
3. TERTIARY COLOURS: Tertiary colours are derived from the mixture of two secondary colours.
4. INTERMEDIATE COLOURS- Intermediate colours are derived from the mixture of a primary and a neighbouring secondary colour
5. HARMONIOUS COLOURS:Harmonious colour arecolours that belong to the same family. They are closely related and can blend well together in a painting. Harmonious colours are also called analogous colour.
6. COMPLIMENTARY COLOURS: Complimentary colours are colours that are opposite each other on the colour wheel. A primary colour compliments a secondary colour. The examples are shown below:
RED is complimentary to GREEN
PC SC
BLUE is complimentary to ORANGE
PC SC
YELLOW is complimentary to PURPLE OR VIOLET
PC SC
7. NEUTRAL COLOURS: Neutral colours are independent colours which include WHITE and BLACK .The mixture of white and black forms grey or ash. Neutral colours can be added to other colours to brighten and darken them. WHITE mixed with a colour forms a tint while BLACK mixed with a colour forms a shade.
WEEK TWO: ELEMENTS OF ART AND DESIGN
MEANING OF ELEMENTS OF ART AND DESIGN
Elements of art and design are the basic tools used to solve artistic problems. Suffice to say that elements of art and design are the fundamental things or ingredients that are observed in any work of art, which equally make up any work of art.
THE ELEMENTS OF ART AND DESIGN
They are as follows:
1.Line
2.Colour
3.Shape
4.Texture
5.Value or tone
6.Form
7.Space
MEANING AND APPLICATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF ART AND DESIGN
1. LINE: Line is the mark that spans a distance between two points. It is simply the distance between two points. Line is also the point or dot in motion. Line is one art element that encloses space in order to form a shape. Line is applied as a means of drawing the outline of things using various drawing media like pencil, charcoal, crayon and chalk pastel. Line is used to express the outline of objects on paper.
2. COLOUR: The effect of colour is produced when light strikes an object and is reflected back to the eyes. The meaning of colour differs from artists and scientist. Artists view colour as the pigment or hue while scientists view as the decomposition of white light observed through a spectrum. Colour is applied when using sable or hog brush to paint and design sketched objects including free standing artworks and relief artworks.
3. SHAPE: Shape is the outlined edge of an object. Shapes like triangle, square, rectangle and circle can be used to create beautiful patterns and also compose free standing objects using paper. Every object has a unique shape which serves a guide to the artist when drawing.
4.TEXTURE: Texture is the surface feeling, surface quality or touch value of an object. It is the way a work of art actually feels when touched with the hands. The texture of an artwork can either be rough, smooth, coarse or fine. The artist creates pleasant effects on his or her artwork by making it rough or smooth, coarse or fine.
5. VALUE OR TONE: Value is the relation of one part of a picture or drawing to the other part with reference to the degree of lightness and darkness. The effect of value is applied in drawing and painting. After making a sketch of composed objects, shade or paint one part of the composed drawn objects in order to show effect of light and shade. In terms of painting, one part of the composed drawn objects should have a lighter hue and the other part a darker hue. It comes in various degrees of colour like dark tone, middle tone ,light tone and highlight. Toning of colours can be achieved by making a colour either light or dark. For instance ,you can make a colour light or bright by adding white to it. E.g. WHITE AND BLUE when mixed together produces a lighter hue SKY BLUE (TINT), while you can disintensify or reduce the quality of a colour by mixing BLACK AND BLUE to produce a darker hue NAVY BLUE (SHADE) .
7. FORM: Form is visible appearance of an object in space. It is the shape of anything that has mass or volume. For example, a horse has a real form which makes it unique. Form is viewed by the artist as a king of contour and visible structure of any perceived idea. Therefore, there is a close relationship between form and shape as they are sometimes viewed to be the same or as one being a substitute to the other. Sphere, cube, cuboid, cylinder and cone are three dimensional forms.
8. SPACE: Space is where the artist provides for executing a work of art. The area where a work of art is intended to occupy is called space. From another perspective, space is the open area where a work of art is created. In drawing, the artist should mark out the space of the paper where he or she is to execute his or her drawing so that the sketched objects do not go out of the paper.
WEEK THREE: PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGNTOPIC: PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGN
MEANING OF PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGN
Principles of art and design are the laid down laws or guides that moderate the artist in his or her art activities in order to effectively use the art elements.
THE PRINCIPLES OF ART AND DESIGN
1.Balance
2.Dominance
3.Variety
4.Proportion
5.Harmony
6.Repetition
7.Rhythm
MEANING, USES AND APPLICATION OF THE ART PRINCIPLES
1. BALANCE: This is the equal distribution of the art elements in a design in order to achieve equal status. The art elements should be given equal weight to achieve balance. For instance, before making a sketch of composed still life objects, bear in mind that the sketched still life objects should be centralized on paper in order to achieve balance. Colour, tones and shape should be evenly or harmoniously distributed and every detail well arranged.
2. DOMINANCE: An art element is meant to dominate or attract more attention than other elements in a work of art. For instance, a colour should dominate other colours in pattern design. The dominating colour in the work becomes the center of interest or the eye catcher.
3. VARIETY: Variety is achieved in a design when different materials are interchanged. Variety is the use of different elements like line, colour and shape and other components of design in varied and organized manner. Different art elements should be interchanged in a work of art to make the design more interesting and appealing.
4. PROPORTION: This is the proper relationship of one part of a figure to another with reference to size, form, shape and number. In figure drawing, the head being the unit of measurement should not be outstandingly bigger than the other parts of the human body. Therefore, all the parts of the human body should be evenly distributed. On the other hand, proportion is the proper relationship and distribution of some elements in a design.
5. HARMONY: Harmony is the unity of all the visual elements (shape, space, tone, colour and line) in a compositional design. Harmony is achieved by repetition of characteristics the same or related.
6. REPETITION: Repetition is the process of allowing some art elements to feature several times on a surface. Rhythm and repletion are closely related .Rhythm is simply the result of repetition.
7. RHYTHM: It is the flow achieved by arranging and depicting various elements like colour, line and shape(motif) in a repeated manner. Rhythm produces a continuous flow of movement of some elements in pattern design.
WEEK FOUR: DESIGN IN THEATRE
MEANING OF THEATRE DESIGN
Theatre design is the design of the space where a performance takes place. It is the creation of a unique stage environment meant to house a dramatic action. Theatre design relates purely to the visual aspect of a production. Theatre designers create a stage environment meant for performing live plays, musical shows and various dances.
ASPECTS OF THEATRE DESIGN
There are various parts that make up theatre design. They include:
1.Properties or Props
2.Costume
3.Make up
4.Light
5.Sound or audio effect
6.Set or stage
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The elements of theatre design include:
1.Set design
2.Lighting
3.Costume design
Set design is possibly the most important of the elements in the overall design for a play. This is because other elements like lighting and costume designers need to know the basic shape of the set design before they can do their work. The set designer and costume designer work together with the director to create a unified look and design for the show. The set designer will create a plan that include any building ,furniture or rigging that needs to be included to create the total set.
Set design is vital for creating the environment in which the characters on stage will act, but the costume designer can actually inform the characters themselves when the audience sees a character dressed a certain way, they automatically make assumptions about the character such as whether she is rich, poor, good or evil. Costume designer designs the costume for each player to wear, help to supervise the making or purchasing of the costumes .He or she works with the director and closely with the script to create the looks right for the period and characters. While fitting with the overall vision for the design of the show.
WEEK FIVE: DANCE
Types of Dance.
The types of dance are as follows:
a. DRAMATIC DANCE: This type of dance sets the programme for the dance as part of drama. This type of drama is interspersed with dance movements coupled with dramatic actions simultaneously.
b. COMIC DANCE: This type of dance involves dancers depicting funny dance movements for entertainment. Comic dance is characterized with funny dance steps which are performed among the Philippines like Buti Buti and Bajao.
c. PURE DANCE: This type of dance refers to dance movements that make up a piece of work containing no plot, often the dance movements that suggest a particular subject or mood. A pure dance does not possess a combination of other forms of dance. This makes it unique.
d. DANCE DRAMA: Dance drama is performed through rhythmic dance movements frequently conveyed with dialogue.
WEEK SIX: SELF -CONTROL
MEANING OF SELF- CONTROL: This involves a person being able to restrain his or her impulses, emotion or ideas. A person should always exercise self-control even at the slightest provocation when being in the midst of people as it can to a large extent ward off attack from a person or group of people.
HOW TO EXERCISE SELF- CONTROL
1.Show moderation in whatever you do.
2.Being modest
3.Being content
4.Being considerate
5.Don’t be in a fighting mood all the time.
6.Being tolerant.
7.Being truthful at all time.
BENEFITS OF SELF -CONTROL
1.It boosts or increases one’s decision making capacity.
2.It increases one’s chances of success.
3.It helps us to curtail impulsive behaviors like stealing, binged or excessive drinking and lying.
4.It promotes congruence or agreement.
5.It improves one’s focus such that the individual is more likely to get rich in future.
WEEK SEVEN: VOICE TRAINING
VOICE
Voice is the sound or sounds uttered through the mouth of living creatures , especially human
beings in terms of speaking, shouting ,singing etc.
VOICE CLASSIFICATION: The human voice is classified into four parts when singing songs or a composed tune in music. They include:
1.Soprano
2.Alto
3.Tenor
4.Bass
VOICE RANGE
Vocal range is the measure of the breadth of pitches that a human voice can phonate. Although, the study of vocal range has a little practical application in terms of speech.It is a topic of study within linguistics, phonetics and speech and language .Vocal rage is within the context of singing. Vocal range for a female singer encompasses high notes of mezzo- soprano and low notes of a soprano.
WEEK EIGHT: HISTORY OF MUSIC
ORIGIN OF MUSIC
Music emerged from the following sources namely-
1.HAMMER AND ANVIL: Sound is observed when a blacksmith uses hammer and anvil to beat hot metal into a desired shape.
2.BIRD SOUND: A variety of sounds is observed among birds as they move from one place to another.
3.SINGING: Sound is produced when two people come together to make a composed tune.
4.RHYTHM: Sound is produced in form of rhythm. Rhythm is simply the movement or flow of musical sound. Rhythm is achieved in music when there is an orderly arrangement or flow of notes, beats, bar, accent and phrases. The flow of music can be in the Double time(Duple)(2) ,Triple time (3) and quadruple time (4)
5.CLAPPING:Sound is produced when humans clap their hands. Clapping produces a rhythmic flow in music and can flow easily to various clapping patterns.
6.SOUND: Raw sound can be transformed into good music when it is well organized.
7.HUMAN VOICE: The human voice is a useful medium through which sound is produced before musical instruments are introduced.
8.ROARING OF OCEAN WAVES: Sound is observed around a water body as heavy wind blows water from one place to another.
SOUND
Sound is simply what we hear through the ear. Various sounds are produced in our immediate environment which we can clearly hear through our ear. It can be in form of music, vibration and noise. Sound is both organized and disorganized. An organized sound is music which pleases the ear while a disorganized sound is noise which is unpleasant to the ear.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
They include the following:
1.TIMBRE(Sonic qualities of timbre): Timbre is the quality of sound or colour of a sound .This is observed in terms of the different sounds that various musical instruments or one musical instrument can create. For instance, the musical sound of a saxophone differs completely from the sound of a guitar. In its deepest form, timbre also emphasizes the different sounds that one musical instrument can create.
2.RHYTHM: This is the note of durations that are organized into patterns.
3.DYNAMICS: This has to do with the changes in volume of musical sounds which can be immediate or gradual of time.
4.INTENSITY: This is the loudness and softness of musical sound. Musical sound with high intensity is loud while musical sound with low intensity is soft.
5.DURATION: This is the amount of time musical sound expressed through the application of musical notes, beat and other elements in a piece of music last .
6.PITCH: This is the highness and lowness of musical sound in a piece of music. It is the height or depth of musical sound. The pitch of sound is relatively high or low.
7.TEXTURE:This is the relationship of lines or voices in musical sound. Lines or voices form layers of sound which can be monophonic, polyphonic and homophonic.
8.MELODY: This is a sequence of single notes that form musical sound; the main, most prominent line or voice in a piece of music is the line or voice that the listener follows most closely.
9.HARMONY: This is a succession of chords .Chords are two or more notes that played together at the same time to make musical sounds.
10.FORM: This is the order of events in a piece of music that make up musical sound. Form is the number of sections and their relationship to each other and to a whole. In today’s music, sections often have evenness and symmetrical like quality as music pieces balance between contrast and repetition.
MEANING OF RHYTHM AND INTERVAL
1.Rhythm is the flow of musical sounds that are well arranged and organized.
2.Interval is the tonal gap between two notes. Interval can also be defined as the distance in pitch between two notes.
WEEK NINE: HISTORY OF MUSIC
MUSICAL TEXTURES
1.MONOPHONY: In music, monophony is the simplest of musical textures, consisting of a melody or tune typically sung by a single singer or played by a single singer. For example, a flute player without accompanying harmony or chords .Many folk songs and traditional songs are monophonic.
2. POLYPHONY: In music, polyphony is one type of musical texture where a texture is generally speaking the way melodic rhythmic and harmonic aspects of a musical composition are combined to shape the overall sound and quality of the work. In particular, polyphony consists of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with one voice(monophony or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.
PERIODS OF MUSIC DEVELOPMENT
1.BAROQUE ERA (1600AD-1750AD): Baroque music is the style of western art music. The harpsichord, a keyboard instrument in which pressing the keys caused a quill to pluck the strings, was an improvement Baroque era instrument which was used both in accompaniment and solo roles. A double- manual (two keyboard)harpsichord after Claude Goujon(1749).
2. CLASSICAL ERA (1750AD-1820AD): Classical music is the art music produced or rooted in traditions of western music including both liturgical (religious), social aspects and so on.
3. ROMANTIC ERA: This is an era of western classical music that began in the late 18th or early 19th century. It was related to Romanticism, the European artistic and literary movement that arose in the second half of the 18th century, and Romantic music in particular dominated the Romantic Movement in Germany. In the Romantic period, music became more expressive and emotional, expanding to encompass literary, artistic and philosophical themes. Famous early Romantic composers include- Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Bellini, and Berlioz.
4. MODERN ERA: This is the period of change and development in musical language that occurred around the turn of the 20thcentury,a period of diverse reactions and reinterpreting older categories of music ,innovations that led to new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, melodic, sonic and rhythmic aspects of music and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to the larger identifiable period of modernism in the arts of the time.
FORMS OF MUSIC
1. BINARY FORM: It is a two part form. It is a musical form comprising two related sections whose parts are repeated. A basic musical form having two closely related sections. It follows a pattern of A //B//.
2. TERNARYFORM: It is also called song form. It is a three part musical form where the first section (A) is repeated after the second section (B) ends. It is usually schematized A-B-A. An example is the Da Capo Aria; The Trumpet shall sound from Handel’s Messiah.
3. RONDO FORM: It is a musical form with recurring leading theme often found in the final movement of a sonata or concerto.
4. UNITARY FORM: This is one unrepeated section of a piece of music. The notes that make up a tune in unitary form of music are not repeated in another section. The word unitary means songs that were not changed in tune. It flows continuously.
WEEK TEN:THE STUDY OF COLOURS (COLOUR APPLICATION)
1.Uses of Colours.
2.Psychological Meaning of Colours.
3.Mixing of colours.
4.Colour wheel design.
USES OF COLOURS
1.It can be used to make a statement, create an atmosphere etc.
2.Colour is used to create interior designs on walls.
3.Colour is used to create an atmosphere.
4.Colour is used to call forth a response.
5.Colour expresses outward towards the world but it helps us to travel inwards towards spiritual states, towards our true self. We can use colour to get what we want from the world or we can use colour to find something in ourselves.
6.Marketing and design colour can also help to support a message. For instance, green says fresh for vegetables; red for exciting, gold says quality. The associations for each colour play a vital role here however they must be modified for cultural considerations. For example, black is for funerals but in China white is used.
7.In the world of art and high culture, colour plays a significant or an important symbolic role. For example, in the Christian art, the Virgin Mary typically appears in blue and white.
8.On the street, colour is used not just for sign but as light itself.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING OF COLOUR
There are four basic psychological colours. They include red, blue, yellow and green. They relate to the body, the mind, the emotions and essential balance between these three. The psychological properties of colour are as follows
1.RED: Physical positive: Physical courage, warmth, energy, basic survival, fight or flight, stimulation, masculinity, excitement.
Negative defiance: aggression, visual impact, strain, anger.
2.BLUE: Intellectual positive: Intelligence, communication, trust, efficiency, serenity, duty, coolness, reflection, calm.
Negative: Aloofness, lack of emotion, unfriendliness.
3.YELLOW: Positive optimism, Confidence, self-esteem, extraversion, emotional strength, friendliness, creativity.
Negative: irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, depression, anxiety, suicide.
4.GREEN: Positive Balance: harmony, balance, refreshment, universal love, rest, restoration, reassurance, environmental awareness, equilibrium, peace.
Negative: Boredom, stagnation, blandness, enervation.
