Cultural and Creative Arts JSS 1 – AVIBEBLOG
SCHEME OF WORK CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ARTS JSS 1 FIRST TERM
WEEK TOPICS
1.Introduction of Cultural and Creative Arts
2.Introduction to Art
3.Teamwork and Sense of Belonging
4.Principles and Elements of Art and Design
5.Drama and Theatre.
6.Modeling with Papier Mache
7.Dance.
8.Forms and Types of Drama
9.Rudiments of Music
10.Theory of Music
11.Fundamentals and Elements of Music
12.Revision
13.Examination
WEEK ONE: INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ARTS.
DEFINITION OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ARTS
This refers to the arts which represent an outlet of self expression that is influenced by culture which in turn helps to modify culture. As such, the arts reflect the physical manifestation of the internal creative impulse of man. This subject emphasizes the cultural and creative aspects of art as both go hand in hand. Suffice to say that to a large extent, cultural art activities like traditional dance, drama and music performed in theatres reflect our culture and tradition in the Nigerian society. Man’s creativity on the other hand is expressed in diverse forms.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ARTS
They are as follows:
1.Dance
2.Music
3.Drama
4.Fine arts
5.Applied arts
6.Media arts
FUNCTIONS OR ROLES OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ART
1.It enables pupils and students to discover their inner talents during practical sessions.
2.It serves as vocational job for pupils and students during their leisure time.
3.It boosts both the mental and physical development of the pupils and students.
4.It enables pupils and students to acquire the required skills in any field of art.
5.It serves as a medium through which pupils and students can be familiar with their culture and that of others expressed through drama, music, dance and fine art.
WEEK TWO: INTRODUCTION TO ART,TYPES AND BRANCHES
DEFINITION OF ART
Art is the creative expression of our thoughts. Art is the study and creation of things that give pleasure to our mind and satisfy our sense of beauty. Art is a way of life. It is a universal language in which the artist uses to express his or her inner feelings and ideas. The word ‘art’ originated from a Latin word ‘arti’ which means to do well or do it well.
TYPES OF ART
There are two basic types of art namely
1. VISUAL ART: visual art appeals to our sense of sight or vision. Sub-branches of visual art include fine art and applied art.
2. NON-VISUAL ART: Non-visual art is the art we cannot feel with our hands and see with our eyes but rather, it appeals to our mind, emotion and feeling. Sub-branches of non-visual art include performing art and literary art.
BRANCHES OF ART
Art spans across several branches as shown below:
ART
+ VISUAL ART
+ NON-VISUAL ART
VISUAL ART
+ FINE ART
+ APPLIED ART
FINE ART
+ DRAWING
+ ARCHITECTURE
+ PAINTING
+ SCULPTURE
APPLIED ART
+ PHOTOGRAPHY
+ CERAMICS
+ WOODWORK
+ METALWORK
+ GRAPHIC DESIGN
+ TEXTILE DESIGN
NON VISUAL ART
PERFORMING ART
+ MUSIC
+ DANCE
+ DRAMA
LITERARY ART
+ LITERATURE
+ FOLKLORE
+ PROSE
+ POETRY
+ JOURNALISM
HISTORY / ORIGIN OF ART
Art has been in existence before the creation of man. The origin of art is traced to the early men who involved in art activities during the pre-historic era. Art began during the time of the early men or pre-historic men who drew animals on rock surfaces by incising, scratching and engraving with sharp objects which they devised. They equally painted on cave walls using various pigments obtained from nature. For example, earth colours and sooth mixed with animal fat which serve as a strong binder and other pigments obtained from natural things like leaf, blood of animals etc.
The history of the early men spans across five ages namely:
1.PALEOLITHIC AGE (Old Stone Age): This is divided into lower and upper Paleolithic era.
UPPER PALEOLITHIC ERA stretched between 14,000BC – 8,000BC.
2. MESOLITHIC AGE(Middle Stone Age): During the Mesolithic era, artists focused on the painting of human figures looking abstracted as against the back drop of animal figures painted on cave walls by the early men during the upper Paleolithic era. Farming and proper settlement occurred during the Mesolithic age. The MESOLITHIC AGE stretched between 8,000BC – 3,000BC.
3. NEOLITHIC AGE (New Stone Age):During the Neolithic era, life became more stable and predictable. Metal farm implements were introduced, crops like beans, squash and maize were cultivated and writing emerged. Huge Architectural Monuments were erected like the Stonehenge discovered in Europe in Salisbury Plane Wiltshire, England. (1,800BC-1,400BC)The NEOLITHIC AGE stretched between 3,000BC-1,500BC.
4.BRONZE AGE: This marked the beginning of the skillful use of metals to cast objects that were expressed in bronze. It is a time period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban development like the Bronze Age Britain.
5. IRON AGE: This era marked the inception of the Indus valley civilization. Recent archaeological remains of iron working in the Ganges Valley in India have been tentatively dated to 1,800BC.It is an archaeological era referring to a period of time in the pre-history and protohistory of the Old World (Afro-Eras) when the dominant tool making material was iron. It preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia and the Stone Age in Africa. Meteoric metal has been used by humans since at least 3,200 BC, but ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt iron ore ,remove impurities and regulate the amount of carbon in the alloy were developed.
WEEK THREE: TEAMWORK AND SENSE OF BELONGING
MEANING OF TEAM WORK
Teamwork means the process of working well together as a group in order to achieve a common goal. It is the act or process of collaborating as a group in order to achieve a common goal.
MEANING OF A SENSE OF BELONGING
A sense of belonging is the feeling of a person or people being connected and accepted within a family and community. On the other hand, someone has a sense of belonging when he or she does not feel lonely and depressed. Loneliness and depression occur when a person lacks a sense of belonging. The person later suffers from psychological trauma.
IMPORTANCE OF TEAMWORK
1.It boosts or increases productivity.
2.Job becomes faster and easier.
3.It saves time.
4.Workers are motivated.
5.It builds up closeness or intimacy among the workers.
6.The quality of workers is enhanced.
7.It encourages multi-disciplinary work among the workers.
8.Team work enables the members to maximize their strength and reduce weakness.
IMPORTANCE OF A SENSE OF BELONGING
1.It drives away loneliness and depression among people.
2.It brings about togetherness among people within a family and community.
3.It creates room for interaction among people. They tend to share ideas as they interact among themselves.
4.It encourages healthy inter -relationship among people.
HOW TO ACHIEVE A SENSE OF BELONGING
The importance of a sense of belonging is as follows:
1.Do not blame yourself for the painful experiences you encountered since other people have also encountered related experiences. (Attributional Retraining)
2.As an individual, watch what you say and your way of thinking. (Carefulness)
3.Accept people and their views which are not related to your views. You may need to open your thoughts to those new ideas since everyone’s thought could have element of value.(Tolerance)
4.Associate with people and stop staying away from a gathering. Accept opportunities and indulge in whatever the activity entails.(Connecting with people)
5.Search for ways that you are related with others rather than focusing on ways you are different. (Searching for similarities)
WEEK FOUR: PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF ART AND DESIGN
DEFINITION OF PRINCIPLES OF ART
Principles of art are the guidelines or laws that moderate the artist in the effective use of the art
elements when creating works of art.
The principles of art are as follows
1.BALANCE: This is the equal distribution of the art elements in any work of art in order to achieve equal status. The art elements should be given equal weight to achieve balance. For instance, before making a sketch of composed still life objects, bear in mind that the sketched still life objects should be centralized on paper in order to achieve balance.
2.DOMINANCE: An art element is meant to dominate or attract more attention than other elements in a work of art. For instance, a colour dominating other colours ina decorative pattern . The dominating colour in the work becomes the center of interest or the eye catcher. Also, the dominance in an art work can be a caption, headline, motif or illustration.
3.VARIETY: Different materials or different elements like line ,colour and shape should be interchanged in a work of art to make the art work look more interesting and visually appealing and prevent monotony.
4.PROPORTION: This is the proper relationship and distribution of one part of a figure to another with reference to size, form, shape and number. In figure drawing, the head being the unit of measurement should not be outstandingly bigger than the remaining part of the human body. Therefore, all the parts of the human body should be evenly distributed.
5.HARMONY: Harmony is the unity of all the visual elements (shape, space, tone, colour and line) in a compositional design. Harmony is achieved by repetition of characteristics the same or related.
6.REPETITION: Repetition is the process of allowing some art elements to feature several times on a surface. Rhythm and repletion are closely related .Rhythm is simply the result of repetition.
7.RHYTHM: It is the flow achieved by arranging the various elements in a repeated manner. Rhythm in pattern design produces a continuous flow of movement of some elements.
DEFINITION OF ELEMENTS OF ART
Elements of art are the basic features or components that are observed in any work of art. The tools used to solve artistic problems are referred to as elements of art and design.
The seven elements of art and design are as follows:
1.Line
2.Colour
3.Texture
4.Value or tone
5.Shape
6.Form
7.Space
1.LINE: Line is the mark that spans a distance between two points. It is simply the distance between two points. Line is also the point or dot in motion. Line is one art element that encloses space in order to form a shape. Line is applied as a means of drawing the outline of things using various drawing media like pencil , charcoal, crayon and chalk pastel. Line is used to express the outline of objects on paper.
2.COLOUR:The effect of colour is produced when light strikes an object and is reflected back to the eyes. The meaning of colour differs from artists and scientist. Artists view colour as the pigment or hue while scientists view as the decomposition of white light observed through a spectrum. Colour is applied when using sable or hog brush to paint and design sketched objects including free standing artworks and relief artworks in various media.
3.SHAPE: Shape is the outlined edge of an object. Shapes like triangle, square ,rectangle and the likes ,can be used to create beautiful patterns and also compose free standing objects using paper. Every object has a unique shape which serves a guide to the artist when drawing.
4.TEXTURE: Texture is the surface feeling, surface quality or touch value of an object. It is the way a work of art actually feels when touched with the hands. The texture of an artwork can either be rough, smooth, coarse or fine. The artist creates pleasant effects on his or her artwork by making it either rough or smooth, coarse or fine.
5.VALUE OR TONE: Value is the relation of one part of a picture or drawing to the other part with reference to the degree of lightness and darkness. The effect of value is applied in drawing and painting. After making a sketch of composed objects, shade or paint one part of the composed drawn objects in order to show effect of light and shade. In terms of painting, one part of the composed drawn objects should have a lighter hue and the other part a darker hue. It comes in various degrees of colour like dark tone, middle tone , light tone and highlight. Toning of colours can be achieved by making a colour either light or dark. For instance, you can make a colour light or bright by adding white to it. E.g. WHITE AND BLUE when mixed together will produce a lighter hue SKY BLUE(TINT), while disintensifying or reducing the visual quality of a colour is done by mixing black with another colour. For example, mix BLACK AND BLUE to produce a darker hue NAVY BLUE.(SHADE)
6.FORM: Form is visible appearance of an object in space. It is the shape of anything that has mass or volume. For example, a horse has a real form which makes it unique. Form is viewed by the artist as a king of contour and visible structure of any perceived idea. Therefore, there is a close relationship between form and shape as they are sometimes viewed to be the same or as one being a substitute to the other.
7.SPACE: Space is where the artist provides to create a work of art. The open area where a work of art is meant to occupy is called space. From another perspective, space is the open area where a work of art is created. In drawing, the artist should mark out the space of the surface of cardboard to create the border area and centralize the sketched objects within a limited space so that the drawn objects do not occupy the whole space of the cardboard.
WEEK FIVE: DRAMA AND THEATRE
DEFINITION OF DRAMA
Drama is the act or process of a group of players narrating a story through actions, vocal expression and body movements so as to entertain, inform and educate the audience. Drama is an attempt by a playwright to portray real life events through artificial means. Drama is the imitation of an action. Drama originated from Greece where plays were performed on stage in ancient Greek Theatres during the ancient times. Drama got its name from the Greek word ’dran’ which means to act.
DEFINITION OF THEATRE
Theatre is a building or place where live dramatic performances are carried out on stage by the players before the seated audience. Theatre is a building solely established for performing plays and other related forms of entertainment like live dances and live musical shows.
PEOPLE INVOLVED IN DRAMA AND THEATRE
There are three groups of people involved in drama and theatre namely:
1.CAST e.g. actors and actresses.
2.CREW e.g. producer, director, makeup artist, costumier, cameraman etc.
3.AUDIENCE: This refers to a group of people seated around the auditorium watching a live dramatic performance.
4.Playwright or Dramatist
WEEK SIX: MODELLING WITH PAPER
DEFINITION OF PAPIER MACHE
Papiermache is a substance made of pulped paper or paper pulp mixed with glue and other materials or media. Papiermache is the craft in which objects are formed and cast with a mould using a mixture of wet pulped paper and starchy paste or gum.
MATERIALS
Newspaper, liquid glue or craft glue, water base starch or cassava ,bucket, colour, water, wheat paste, coloured tissue paper, black crepe paper, protective gloves, floral wire and floral tape, white and black card stock, thirty gauge wire, needle, masking tape, pencil, cotton balls, empty jars, clothespins and clothesline.
TOOLS
1.Scissors
2.Mortar and pestle.
3.Utility knife
4.Paint brush
5.Manicure or sewing scissors
PROCESS IN MAKING PAPIER MACHE
STEP 1- Get old newspaper and magazine.
STEP 2- Cut newspaper into small bits.
STEP 3- Soak the pieces of newspaper in water overnight.
STEP 4- Pound the pieces of soaked newspaper in a mortar with the aid of a pestle.
STEP 5-Squeeze out the excess water from the paper pulp .
STEP 6- Mix the pulped paper with the water base starch paste or liquid glue.
STEP 7- Mould the desired object using the paper pulp.
STEP 8- Dry the work in the sun and decorate it with colours.
PRODUCTS OF PAPIER MACHE
They include:papiermache mask, rabbit in papiermache, bowls in papiermache
USES OR FUNCTIONS OF PAPIER MACHE
1.It can be used for making masks, figurines ,sculptures ,ornaments as well as party things like piñatas.(A container often made of papiermache ,clay or cloth) Piñatas are associated with Mexico.
2.Products of papiermache can serve as teaching aid in the classroom.
3.Finished products serve the purpose of interior decoration in our homes, offices and to keep pencils and pens.
WEEK SEVEN: DANCE
DEFINITION OF DANCE
Dance is the rhythmical movement of the body in time and space to the beat of the music. Dance is the process of moving or shaking the body from side to side stylishly and rhythmically. Dance is also the art of body motion. Dancers and choreographers perform various dance movements which are pleasant to behold.
TYPES OF DANCE
1.DRAMATIC DANCE: This type of dance sets the programme for the actors to perform the dance as part of drama, offering several approaches which make it appealing. This type of drama is interspersed with dance movements coupled with dramatic actions simultaneously.
2.COMIC DANCE: This type of dance involves dancers depicting funny dance movements for entertainment. Comic dance is characterized with funny dance steps which is performed among the Philippines like ButiButi and Badjao.
3.PURE DANCE: This type of dance refers to dance movements that make up a piece of work containing no plot, often the dance movements that suggest a particular subject or mood. A pure dance does not possess a combination of other forms of dance which make it unique.
4.DANCE DRAMA: Dance drama is drama performed through a variety of dance movements, frequently with dialogue. Dance drama is a drama in which all the action is expressed by dancing.
TYPES OF DANCE (CONTINUED)
1.TAP DANCE: This type of dance performed by dancers wearing shoes fitted with metal taps, characterized by rhythmic tapping of the toes and heels.
2.TANGO DANCE: Tango dance is performed by a man and a woman, expressing an element of romance in their synchronized movements. It entails creativity on the part of the dancers to perform this type of dance effectively.
3.BALLET: This is a form of choreography which is a classical dance form or art form created by the movement of the human body. It is theatrically performed on the stage to an audience utilizing costumes, scenic design and lighting. It can tell a story or express a thought or emotion.
4.JAZZ DANCE: Jazz dance developed alongside jazz music in New Orleans. Jazz dance is a dance form or dance that is matched to the rhythms and techniques of jazz music, developed by American blacks in the early part of the 20th century. Jazz dance the dance style that involves bold and rigorous steps and movements stylishly.
WEEK EIGHT: FORMS /TYPES OF DRAMA
Drama has several forms or types which include:
1.TRAGEDY:Tragedy is a serious play that ends on a sad note, especially when the protagonist or main character dies. It is a play dealing with tragic events and having an unhappy ending, especially concerning the downfall of the main character (protagonist) . It is characterized with sorrowful events like great suffering, destruction and distress such as a serious accident, crime or natural catastrophe.
2.FARCE: A comedy that aims as entertaining the audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant and thus improbable.
3.TRAGIC- COMEDY: A play or novel containing elements of tragedy and comedy. It is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms.
4.MASK DRAMA: A play performed by the players with mask worn on their faces as disguise to hide or conceal their true identity.
5.COMEDY: A funny and humorous play that ends on a happy note. It is aimed at arousing laughter among the audience. It is a play, movie that depicts a light and humorous character with a happy or cheerful ending.
6.MELODRAMA: A play interspersed with songs and orchestral music following or accompanying the action.
7.MIME: Mime is a form of entertainment which a performer plays a character or tells a story without words by using body movements and facial expressions.
8.FOLK DRAMA:A non-commercial, generally rural theatre and pageantry based on folk traditions and local history.
WEEK NINE: RUDIMENTS AND THEORIES OF MUSIC
MEANING OF STAVE
A stave is a series of five horizontal lines and four spaces on which musical notes are written. On the piano, white keys are called natural keys while the black keys are called enharmonic keys.
MEANING OF CLEF
Clef is the sign or symbol used to fix in position certain letter names on the stave (staff).There are two commonly used types of clef among other types of clef in music namely:
1. TREBLE OR G CLEF
2. BASS OR F CLEF
The treble clef emerges from line G while the bass clef emerges from line F. On the lines and spaces of the treble staff and bass staff, there are certain letter names for easy remembrance. The examples below show:
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LEDGER LINE
A short line placed above and below a staff to accommodate notes higher or lower than the range of the staff. The diagram below shows
Note that F(left) and B (right) are shown on the leger line.
GREAT STAFF
The great stave or staff is a combination of the treble and bass together with a brace. It is the thick line or mark that connects the treble and bass together on the keyboard screen. It comprises of eleven horizontal lines and ten spaces.
MUSICAL NOTES AND THEIR VALUES
Musical notes have unique values with their respective symbols or signs.
The table below shows the musical notes and their relative values.
MUSICAL NOTES RELATIVE VALUES
1.SEMIBREVE 1(One whole note)
1.MINIM ½ of a semibreve
1.CROTCHET ¼ of a semibreve
1.QUAVER 1/8 of a semibreve
1.SEMI- QUAVER 1/16 of a semibreve
6. DEMI-SEMI QUAVER 1/32 of a semibreve
7. HEMI-DEMI-SEMI-QUAVER 1/64 of a semibreve
WEEK TEN: THEORY OF MUSIC
DEFINITION
Music is a combination of organized sounds that is pleasant to the ear. It is an orderly arrangement of sounds that make sense to the ear.
MEANING- Music has been in existence since time immemorial. Music is created when all musical instruments are played in a synchronized manner such that the sounds or tunes produced are pleasant to the ear.
USES OF MUSIC
1.It plays a key role during religious worship.
2.It serves as a means of entertainment
3.In wrestling contest, music is played at the background to invite the wrestler into the ring.
4.Music serves as a medium of passing information to the public through advertisement.
IMPACTOR EFFECT OF MUSIC
1.It moulds and mars one’s life.
2.It positively calms the mind of a bereaved person who lost a loved one.
3.Music projects important dignitaries in the society thereby making them famous.
4.Mothers sing songs to lure a baby to sleep.(Lullaby)
5.Music changes one’s mood in just a few notes.
WEEK ELEVEN: FUNDAMENTALS AND ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
Musical sounds are distinguished from noises in that they are composed of regular, uniform vibrations, while noises are irregular and disordered vibrations. One musical tone is distinguished from another on the basis of pitch, intensity or loudness and quality or timbre. They are explained below:
1.PITCH: Pitch describes how high or low a tone is and it depends upon rapidity with which a sounding body vibrates; i.e. upon the frequency of vibration. The higher the frequency of vibration, the higher the tone; the pitch of siren gets higher and higher as the frequency of vibration increases. The lower the frequency, the lower the tone.
2.INTENSITY OR LOUDNESS: The intensity or loudness of a sound depends upon the extent to which the sounding body vibrates i.e., the amplitude of vibration. A sound is louder as the amplitude of vibration is greater, and the intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases. Loudness is measured in decibels.
3.TIMBRE: The sound waves given off by different vibrating bodies differ in quality or timbre. A note from a saxophone, for instance, differs from the note of the same pitch and intensity produced by a violin or a xylophone. Timbre is the sound quality or tone colour; timbre is the characteristic that allows us to distinguish between one instrument and another.
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
Sound is created when an object vibrates.
